I/IB  R.AFLY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 
OF    ILLINOIS 


G30.T 


Co  p 


.  Z 


AGRICIH.IURE 


NON  CIRCULATING 

CHECK  FOR  UNBOUND 
CIRCULATING  COPY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


THE  DIGESTIBILITY  AND 

METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  OF  SOYBEAN 

PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 

BY  T.  S.  HAMILTON,  H.  H.  MITCHELL,  AND 
W.  G.  KAMMLADE 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  MARCH,  1928 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

REVIEW  OF  PREVIOUS  WORK 239 

Critical  Consideration  of  Results  of  Previous  Investigations 241 

INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 244 

Plan  of  Investigation 244 

Experimental  Results  Obtained  in  1923 245 

INVESTIGATION  OF   1925 255 

Plan  of  Investigation 255 

Experimental  Results  Obtained  in  1925 257 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION  OF  EXPERIMENTAL  RESULTS 263 

The  Digestibility  of  Soybean  Products 266 

Significance  of  Refused  Feed  in  Digestion  Experiments 268 

Significance  of  Indirectly  Calculated  Coefficients  of  Digestibility 271 

Metabolizable  Energy  of  Soybean  Products  Determined  for  First  Time  276 

SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSIONS 2SO 

LITERATURE  CITED 231 

APPENDIX..  .  283 


THE  DIGESTIBILITY  AND 

METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  OF  SOYBEAN 

PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 

BY  T.  S.  HAMILTON,  H.  H.  MITCHELL,  AND  W.  G.  KAMMLADE* 

Since  the  introduction  of  soybeans  into  Europe  in  1875  there  has 
been  an  increasing  interest  in  the  adaptation  of  this  valuable  legume 
to  the  European  and  American  systems  of  agriculture.  The  plant  has 
been  used  as  a  leguminous  crop  in  the  corn  belt  only  comparatively 
recently,  but  it  is  rapidly  becoming  more  popular,  not  only  because  of 
its  value  as  a  means  of  maintaining  soil  fertility,  but  also  because  of 
the  high  percentage  of  costly  nutrients  it  contains. 

With  the  increased  supply  of  soybeans  there  have  developed  new 
uses  for  the  products  obtained  from  them.  Some  of  these  products  are 
rapidly  taking  the  place  of  more  expensive  feeds  in  the  rations  of  farm 
animals  and  are  being  put  to  new  uses  in  the  industries.  While  the 
beans  from  the  soybean  plant  form  a  standard  article  of  diet  for  hu- 
mans in  the  Orient,  none  of  the  various  dishes  which  may  be  prepared 
from  them  have  found  great  favor  in  this  country.  However,  with  the 
increasing  use  of  soybeans  and  soybean  products  for  livestock,  a  de- 
mand has  arisen  for  information  concerning  their  nutritive  value.  The 
investigations  reported  herein  were  undertaken,  therefore,  in  order  to 
determine  the  digestibility  and  metabolizable  energy  of  soybean  hay, 
soybean  straw,  whole  soybeans,  and  soybean  oil  meal.  In  order  to 
obviate  what  was  thought  to  be  one  of  the  greatest  faults  with  most 
previous  investigations  along  these  lines,  that  is,  the  use  of  too  few 
experimental  animals,  it  was  decided  to  determine  the  digestibility  and 
metabolizable  energy  for  each  feed  on  each  of  12  sheep,  a  number 
three  times  as  large  as  has  heretofore  been  used  in  any  single  digestion 
experiment  with  soybean  products. 

REVIEW  OF  PREVIOUS  WORK 

Investigations  concerned  with  the  feeding  value  of  the  various 
parts  of  the  soybean  plant  were  reported  by  Weiske,  Dehmel,  and 
Schulze1*  in  1879.  These  investigators  determined  the  digestibility  of 
the  nutrients  in  soybean  straw  and  in  soybean  pods  for  farm  animals. 
In  1883  the  digestibility  of  soybean  straw  was  again  determined  by 
Weiske,  Kennepohl,  and  Schulze,2*  and  in  1886  Kellner3*  determined 
the  digestibility  of  soybean  seed  and  of  soybean  hay. 


*T.  S.  HAMILTON,  Associate  in  Animal  Nutrition;  H.  H.  MITCHELL,  Chief  in 
Animal  Nutrition;  W.  G.  KAMMLADE,  Assistant  Chief  in  Sheep  Husbandry. 

239 


240  .  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

In  America  there  have  been  comparatively  few  digestion  experi- 
ments with  soybean  products.  No  digestion  experiments  with  soybean 
oil  meal  or  with  soybean  straw  have  been  reported.  Of  three  digestion 
trials  on  soybean  hay,  the  first  was  that  of  Sturtevant4*  in  1884.  In 
this  experiment  the  hay  was  fed,  combined  with  corn  meal  and  wheat 
bran,  to  two  cows  during  a  six-day  trial.  The  feed  intake  was  con- 
stant for  only  three  of  the  six  days  and  the  feces  were  collected  for 
one  day  only.  The  digestibility  of  the  hay  was  calculated  indirectly 
from  the  "nutrients  digested  from  the  combined  ration  and  from  aver- 
age coefficients  of  digestibility  for  corn  meal  and  wheat  bran  obtained 
from  German  tables.  The  second  American  trial  was  reported  in  1894 
by  Emery  and  Kilgore,5*  who  fed  soybean  hay  alone  to  a  cow  and  a 
goat.  The  collection  period,  which  followed  a  suitable  preliminary- 
period,  was  of  five  days'  duration.  The  third  and  last  digestion  trial 
with  soybean  hay  was  that  of  Lindsey,  Beals,  and  Smith,6*  who  de- 
termined the  digestibility  of  the  hay  when  fed  with  English  hay  to 
two  sheep. 

The  digestibility  of  soybean  seed  has  been  determined  five  times 
with  ruminants  and  once  with  swine.  In  all,  5  swine  and  17  ruminants 
(16  sheep  and  1  steer)  were  used,  and  six  different  samples  of  beans 
were  tested.  Lindsey,  Smith,  and  Holland7*  in  1894  determined  the 
digestibility  of  the  nutrients  of  ground  soybeans  when  fed  with  English 
hay,  using  two  sheep.  In  1895  the  digestibility  of  soybeans  fed  with 
timothy  rowen  hay  was  determined  in  two  trials,  with  four  sheep  in 
each,  by  Phelps  and  Woods.8*  The  only  experiment  concerned  with 
the  digestibility  of  soybeans  by  steers  was  reported  in  1901  by  Willard 
and  Clothier.9*  In  this  trial  soybean  meal  was  fed  with  kafir  corn 
stover  to  a  steer.  Lindsey  in  190310*  and  again  in  190411*  obtained 
digestion  coefficients  on  ground  soybeans  when  fed  with  English  hay, 
using  two  sheep  in  each  of  these  studies.  The  digestibility  of  soybeans 
by  swine  has  been  determined  by  Forbes,  Beegle,  Fritz,  and  Men- 
sching.12*  The  soybeans  were  fed  with  corn  to  5  swine. 

The  digestibility  of  soybean  forage  when  fed  green  to  sheep  has 
been  determined  on  seven  different  samples  reported  in  five  investiga- 
tions. Three  of  these  investigations  were  carried  out  at  the  Connecti- 
cut (Storrs)  Station  and  the  other  two  at  the  Massachusetts  (Hatch) 
Station.  In  the  Connecticut  investigations  reported  by  Phelps  and  his 
coworkers,8' 13- 14*  12  sheep  were  used  in  the  determination  of  the  digesti- 
bility of  the  green  soybean  forage,  fed  alone,  at  five  different  stages 
of  growth  from  early  bloom  until  seeds  formed.  In  the  two  investiga- 
tions by  Lindsey  and  his  coworkers11' 15*  at  the  Massachusetts  Station, 
6  sheep  were  used  and  the  forage  was  fed  with  English  hay. 

The  digestibility  of  soybean  silage  has  been  the  subject  of  three 
investigations.  Emery  and  Kilgore16*  at  the  North  Carolina  Station  in 
1892,  using  two  goats,  were  the  first  to  carry  out  such  an  experiment. 


1928]  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  241 

In  1895  the  digestibility  of  soybean  silage  by  four  steers  was  studied 
by  Hopkins17*  at  the  Illinois  Station  and  in  1903  Mooers18*  of  the 
Tennessee  Station  made  a  similar  study  using  3  steers. 

Rations  containing  soybean  products  have  also  been  studied  in  a 
few  cases  without  any  attempt  to  interpret  them  with  regard  to  the 
digestibility  of  the  soybean  product  alone.  In  1895  Phelps  and  Woods8* 
reported  the  results  of  two  investigations,  in  each  of  which  4  sheep 
were  used.  In  the  first  the  ration  contained  .5  pound  soybean  meal 
and  1  pound  timothy  rowen  hay,  and  in  the  second  .75  pound  soybean 
meal  and  1.5  pounds  hay.  In  1896  the  Massachusetts  (Hatch)  Sta- 
tion19* carried  out  two  investigations  with  sheep.  In  one  of  these  the  di- 
gestibility of  corn  and  soybean  silage  in  the  ratio  of  2  to  1  was  studied, 
and  in  a  second,  the  digestibility  of  millet  and  soybean  silage.  In  1904 
Bartlett20*  reported,  among  a  large  number  of  digestion  experiments 
with  sheep  and  steers,  three  trials  with  rations  containing  soybean 
silage.  In  one  trial  two  sheep  were  used  and  soybean  and  corn  silage 
(9:14)  was  fed  alone,  one  sheep  receiving  3,000  grams  daily  and  the 
other  2,000  grams.  In  a  second  trial  the  same  silage  was  fed  to  a 
steer,  and  in  a  third  trial  the  silage  was  fed  with  some  hay  to  2  steers. 

The  details  of  all  the  above  mentioned  investigations  will  be  found 
in  the  Appendix,  Table  22,  which  gives  a  compilation  of  all  American 
digestion  experiments  on  soybean  products  to  date,  including  those 
reported  in  this  bulletin. 

No  reports  of  investigations  on  the  metabolizable  energy  of  soy- 
bean products  have  been  found  in  the  literature. 

Critical  Consideration  of  Results  of  Previous  Investigations 

With  the  possible  exception  of  those  experiments  in  which  green 
soybean  fodder  and  soybean  silage  were  used,  most  of  these  experi- 
ments are  not  satisfactory.  With  what  is  perhaps  the  most  important 
soybean  product,  viz.,  soybean  oil  meal,  no  study  has  been  made. 

A  brief  examination  of  almost  any  of  the  trials  in  which  two  or 
more  animals  were  used  will  show  quite  wide  variations  among  the 
coefficients  obtained,  this  being  especially  the  case  when  the  coeffi- 
cients have  been  calculated  indirectly,  i.e.,  from  those  obtained  with 
a  mixed  ration.  Such  results  indicate  the  necessity  for  the  use  of  a 
larger  number  of  experimental  animals  and  longer  collection  periods. 
Collection  periods  of  5  or  6  days  are  too  short,  especially  for  steers. 
Naturally,  the  coefficients  obtained  for  the  same  feed  by  different  in- 
vestigators or  by  the  same  investigator  at  different  times  will  vary  no 
less  than  do  those  of  any  one  trial.  Average  coefficients  compiled  from 
these  data  are  to  be  found  in  several  standard  publications  and  are 
widely  used.  The  value  of  such  averages  in  the  planning  of  rations 
cannot  be  considered  satisfactory  in  view  of  the  objections  mentioned, 
while  the  application  of  coefficients  obtained  from  one  species  of 


242 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


ruminant  to  another  has  not  hitherto  been  shown  to  be  justifiable.  One 
example  will  be  considered  in  detail  to  illustrate  the  questionable  value 
of  such  average  results. 

A  well-known  American  compilation  of  the  digestibility  of  farm 
feeds21*  gives  the  following  coefficients  for  soybean  oil  meal  for  rumi- 
nants: crude  protein  92  percent,  nitrogen-free  extract  100  percent, 
ether  extract  68  percent,  and  crude  fiber  99  percent.  These  values  are 
given  as  the  averages  of  two  digestion  trials  and  are  taken  from 
Mentzel  and  Lengerke's  "Landwirtschaftliche  Kalender,"22*  which  is 
itself  a  compilation.  While  no  literature  references  are  given  in 
this  German  publication,  the  original  investigation  from  which  these 
values  were  obtained  may  be  identified  as  one  which  Honcamp23*  car- 
ried out  in  1909  at  the  Rostock  Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  After 
first  determining  the  digestibility  of  a  basal  feed  of  clover  hay  for  2 
wethers,  this  investigator  fed  each  of  the  wethers  a  mixed  ration  of 
760  grams  of  clover  hay  and  240  grams  of  "pressed"  soybean  meal  in 
one  period.  In  a  second  period  one  of  the  two  wethers  received  a 
ration  of  600  grams  of  clover  hay  and  200  grams  of  a  sample  of 
"extracted"  soybean  meal,  and  in  a  third  period  a  third  wether  was 
fed  700  grams  of  clover  hay  and  200  grams  of  a  second  sample  of 
"extracted"  soybean  meal.  The  results  of  this  investigation  are  tabu- 
lated in  Table  1. 


TABLE  1. — COEFFICIENTS  OF  DIGESTIBILITY  OF  "PRESSED"  AND  "EXTRACTED' 
SOYBEAN  MEAL  (HONCAMPM*) 


"Pressed"  soybean  meal 

"Extracted"  soybean  meal 

Period  I 

Period  II 

Period  III 

Average 

Wether  1 

Wether  2 

Average 

Wether  2 

Wether  4 

Organic  matter  

90.3 
91.8 
97.9 
93.6 
16.8 

96.8 
93.8 
107  .  5 
92.0 
55.4 

93.6 

92.8 
102.7 
92.8 
36.1 

96.9 
91.9 
112.9 
29.6 
68.3 

96.4 
91.8 
98.0 
105.5 
130.4 

96.6 
91.9 
105.4 
67.6 
99.3 

Crude  protein  

Crude  fat  
Crude  fiber  

The  values  above  quoted  are  obviously  the  averages,  in  whole 
numbers,  of  Honcamp's  coefficients  for  the  "extracted"  soybean  meal, 
coefficients  above  100  being  quoted  as  100.  The  average  coefficients 
for  crude  fat  and  crude  fiber,  i.e.,  68  and  99  respectively,  are  of  little 
significance  since  each  is  the  average  of  two  widely  varying  figures,  68 
being  the  average  of  29.6  and  105.5,  and  99  being  the  average  of  68.3 
and  130.4.  The  average  coefficient  for  the  nitrogen-free  extract  is 
105.4,  the  individual  results  being  112.9  and  98.0.  Digestion  coefficients 
above  100  result  from  the  fact  that  the  admixture  of  nitrogenous  con- 
centrates, such  as  soybean  oil  meal,  often  increases  the  digestibility 
of  the  nitrogen-free  extract  of  the  basal  ration,  so  that  the  apparent 
digestibility  of  this  nutrient  as  computed  indirectly  for  the  supple- 


1928}  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  243 

mentary  feed  becomes  over  100  percent.  Such  an  impossible  result  is 
thus  due  to  the  fallacy  upon  which  the  method  of  computation  is 
based,  and  cannot  be  used  with  confidence  in  computing  the  digestible 
nutrients  in  any  other  combination  of  feeds.  The  substitution  of  a  co- 
efficient of  100  for  a  larger  value  thus  indirectly  computed  cannot  be 
considered  a  solution  of  the  difficulty,  since  no  evidence  can  be  offered 
that  lower  coefficients  may  not  be  nearer  the  truth. 

The  coefficients  for  crude  protein  only  are  in  good  agreement  and, 
fortunately,  crude  protein  is  not  only  the  most  abundant  but  also  the 
most  important  nutrient  in  soybean  oil  meal.  The  excellent  checks 
for  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  organic  matter  are  a  fortunate 
coincidence  only. 

There  can  be  little  criticism  of  the  length  of  collection  periods 
(10  days)  in  this  experiment,  but  if  the  average  coefficients  obtained 
are  to  be  used  in  the  computation  of  rations  for  other  ruminants  than 
the  sheep,  the  possibility  of  other  errors  must  be  considered.  Just  how 
great  an  error  is  likely  to  be  incurred  by  using  for  steers  or  dairy  cows 
digestion  coefficients  obtained  with  sheep  is  impossible  to  estimate  at 
the  present  time.  Probably  this  error  would  not  be  great,  since  in 
digestion  experiments  there  often  are  found  as  great  variations  between 
different  sheep  as  between  sheep  and  steers.  However,  as  Bartlett20* 
says  (page  204),  after  a- study  of  the  digestibility  of  a  variety  of  feeds 
by  both  sheep  and  steers,  "If  sheep  are  to  be  used  to  determine  coeffi- 
cients for  bovines,  great  care  should  be  taken  to  select  strong  animals 
that  are  good  feeders  and  will  eat  coarse  fodders  readily,  otherwise 
results  which  are  too  low  are  likely  to  be  obtained." 

Finally,  attention  should  be  called  to  the  fact  that  the  digestion 
coefficients  of  Honcamp's  experiment  were  obtained  on  two  samples  of 
specially  extracted  soybean  meal.  Honcamp's  analyses  show  1.40  per- 
cent crude  fat  in  one  sample  and  1.80  percent  in  the  second  sample,  an 
average  of  1.60  percent  crude  fat.  The  average  percentage  of  crude  fat 
in  11  samples  of  extracted  soybean  oil  meal  analyzed  in  this  laboratory- 
is  4.64.  The  average  of  four  analyses  of  pressed  soybean  oil  meal  is 
7.31  percent  crude  fat,  making  an  average  of  5.35  percent  crude  fat  in 
soybean  oil  meal  purchased  in  Illinois.  Henry  and  Morrison  give  6.6 
percent  crude  fat  as  an  average  for  soybean  oil  meal,  and  Lindsey  and 
associates24*  quote  8.6  percent  fat  in  a  sample  of  soybean  oil  cake.  It  is 
therefore  obvious  that  the  two  German  samples  of  soybean  oil  meal 
were  considerably  different  in  fat  content  from  any  obtainable  in 
America,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  their  digestibility  would  not  be 
the  same  as  the  digestibility  of  soybean  oil  meal  obtainable  in  this 
country.  In  confirmation  of  this  belief,  the  differences  in  the  digesti- 
bility of  pressed  and  extracted  soybean  oil  meal  as  determined  in 
Honcamp's  experiment  may  be  cited  (Table  1). 


244  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 
Plan  of  Investigation 

Twelve  western  lambs  weighing  from  80  to  100  pounds  were  used- 
as  experimental  animals  in  the  first  experiment  with  sheep  in  1923. 
With  each  sheep  the  digestibility  and  metabolizable  energy  of  the  fol- 
lowing five  feeds  or  rations,  corresponding  to  the  five  successive  periods 
of  the  experiment,  were  determined:  (1)  soybean  hay,  (2)  soybean 
straw,  (3)  oat  straw  and  whole  soybeans,  (4)  oat  straw,  and  (5)  soy- 
bean straw  and  soybean  oil  meal.  By  making  use  of  the  digestion  co- 
efficients and  the  metabolizable  energy  values  for  oat  straw  and  for  soy- 
bean straw  obtained  in  Periods  IV  and  II  respectively,  the  digestibility 
and  metabolizable  energy  of  whole  soybeans  and  of  soybean  oil  meal 
were  calculated  in  the  usual  indirect  manner  from  the  data  obtained 
in  Periods  III  and  V. 

The  digestion  trial  for  each  feed  or  combination  of  feeds  consisted 
of  a  10-day  preliminary  period,  during  which  the  sheep  received  the 
exact  ration  which  they  were  later  to  receive  during  the  collection 
period,  and  a  period  of  8  days  in  the  metabolism  crates  during  the  last 
7  days  of  which  the  collections  were  made.  The  equipment  for  making 
the  collections  consisted  of  three  Forbes'  metabolism  crates  for 
swine.25*  The  three  sheep  grouped  together  in  the  tables  were  in  the 
metabolism  crates  at  the  same  time. 

In  Period  I  soybean  hay  was  fed  in  the  following  amounts  daily: 
910  grams  to  Sheep  130,  131,  and  132;  1,025  grams  to  Sheep  133,  134, 
and  135;  1,135  grams  to  Sheep  137,  138,  and  139;  and  the  same  to 
Sheep  136,  140,  and  141.  In  Period  II  each  of  the  12  sheep  received 
1,135  grams  of  soybean  straw.  In  Period  III  Sheep  130  to  133  inclu- 
sive received  910  grams  and  Sheep  134  and  135,  811  grams  of  oat  straw, 
together  with  230  grams  of  whole  soybeans;  and  Sheep  136  to  141  in- 
clusive each  received  680  grams  of  oat  straw  and  225  grams  of  whole 
soybeans.  In  Period  IV  each  of  the  12  sheep  received  910  grams  of 
oat  straw,  with  the  exception  of  Sheep  135,  which  received  779  grams. 
In  Period  V  each  of  the  12  sheep  was  fed  910  grams  of  soybean  straw 
and  225  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal. 

The  sheep  were  fed  twice  daily:  in  the  morning  immediately  after 
the  collections  were  made  and  late  in  the  afternoon.  During  the  period 
in  which  whole  soybeans  were  fed,  the  beans  were  given  first  and  the 
sheep  allowed  to  clean  these  up  completely  before  the  oat  straw  was 
fed.  In  the  period  in  which  soybean  straw  and  soybean  oil  meal  were 
fed,  the  meal  was  sprinkled  over  the  straw  in  an  attempt  to  induce  the 
sheep  to  eat  the  straw  more  readily. 

The  same  purchase  of  Midwest  soybeans  and  of  extracted  soy- 
bean meal  served  thruout  the  entire  experiment.  A  sufficient  amount 
of  each  of  the  roughages  was  secured  for  the  entire  experiment,  but  no 
attempt  was  made  to  mix  the  entire  supply  of  either.  The  roughages 


1928}  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  245 

were  weighed  to  the  nearest  10  grams  and  the  concentrates  to  the 
nearest  5  grams.  Distilled  water  was  kept  before  the  sheep  at  all 
times.  Salt  was  available  only  during  the  preliminary  periods.  Sam- 
ples of  feed  for  analysis  were  obtained  by  removing  a  small  quantity 
of  each  feed  at  each  weighing. 

Collections  of  excreta  were  made  daily  in  the  morning.  The 
method  of  collection  was  very  similar  to  that  described  by  Forbes  for 
the  management  of  these  crates.25*  The  feces  were  not  aliquoted,  each 
daily  excretion  being  added  to  tightly  covered  50-pound  lard  cans 
until  the  end  of  the  collection  period,  when  they  were  ground,  mixed, 
and  sampled  for  analysis.  The  feces  were  ground  in  the  fresh  con- 
dition by  putting  them  once  thru  a  revolving-hammer  type  of  mill 
with  a  large-sized  screen.  This  method  of  preparation  completely 
disintegrated  the  feces  without  any  grinding  or  heating  effect,  so  that 
they  could  be  satisfactorily  analyzed  in  the  fresh  condition.  The  daily 
collections  of  urine  were  aliquoted  and  the  aliquots  composited  for  the 
period.  All  samples  of  feces  and  urine  were  preserved  by  refrigeration 
until  analyzed.  Refused  feed  was  removed  daily,  the  daily  orts  com- 
bined for  the  period,  dried,  and  analyzed. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  routine  determinations,  which  were  made 
in  accordance  with  the  official  methods  of  the  A.  O.  A.  C.,  the  gross 
energy  in  all  samples  was  determined  by  the  bomb  calorimeter.  In 
making  the  energy  determinations  on  urine,  100  cc.  portions  were 
evaporated  at  low  temperatures  under  a  current  of  warm  air,  absorbed 
on  cellulose  blocks,  and  ignited  with  the  cellulose.  In  this  determina- 
tion no  correction  was  made  for  material  lost  on  drying. 
• 

Experimental  Results  Obtained  in  1923 

Digestibility  of  Soybean  Products. — In  an  investigation  such  as 
this  an  enormous  amount  of  data  is  obtained,  but  for  the  sake  of 
economy  of  space  much  of  it  will  be  omitted  or  given  only  in  sum- 
marized form.  The  average  percentage  composition  and  gross  energy 
of  the  rations  offered,  of  the  orts,  of  the  rations  consumed,  and  of  the 
feces  of  each  period  are  given  in  Table  2.  The  digestion  coefficients  of 
the  nutrients  consumed  in  each  period  were  calculated  in  the  usual 
manner  and  these  are  tabulated  for  each  sheep  and  averaged  for  each 
period  in  Table  3. 

From  the  data  obtained  on  the  ration  of  whole  soybeans  and  oat 
straw  (Period  III)  and  on  the  ration  of  oat  straw  alone  (Period  IV), 
the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  of  the  whole  soybeans 
were  calculated  in  the  usual  indirect  manner.  During  this  period  the 
soybeans  were  fed  first  and  the  sheep  invariably  ate  their  allotment  of 
beans  completely  before  the  straw  was  given.  Hence  in  making  the 
calculations  it  is  considered  that  the  nutrients  found  in  the  orts  from 
this  period  originated  from  the  straw  alone. 


246 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


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TABLE  2.  —  AVERAGE  PERCI 

Soybean  hay  ,  
Orts  
Ration  consumed  
Feces  

Soybean  straw  
Orts  •  
Ration  consumed  
Feces  

Oat  straw  
Whole  soybeans  
Ration  offered  
Orts  
Ration  consumed  
Feces  

Oat  straw  
Orts  
Ration  consumed  
Feces  

Soybean  straw  
Soybean  oil  meal  
Ration  offered  
Orts  
Ration  consumed  
Feces  

1928} 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


247 


Similarly,  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  of  soy- 
bean oil  meal  were  computed  from  the  data  obtained  on  the  ration  of 
soybean  oil  meal  and  soybean  straw  (Period  V)  and  on  the  ration  of 
soybean  straw  alone  (Period  II).  In  this  period  the  soybean  oil  meal 
was  sprinkled  over  the  soybean  straw  in  an  attempt  to  induce  a 
greater  consumption  of  straw.  This  procedure  did  not  obviate  the 


TABLE  3. — SUMMARY  OF  DIGESTION  COEFFICIENTS  OF  RATIONS  CONSUMED: 
INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 


Sheep  No. 

Dry 
matter 

Crude 
protein 

N-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Period  I — Soybean  hay,  1,051  grams 


130.  .  . 

52 

69 

62 

67 

33 

131  

56 

69 

67 

69 

34 

132  

58 

73 

65 

63 

41 

133.  .  . 

56 

68 

65 

51 

42 

134   

52 

65 

64 

39 

36 

135  

55 

70 

67 

52 

35 

137  

49 

64 

62 

63 

33 

138  

55 

69 

66 

63 

39 

139  

54 

68 

67 

69 

33 

136  

53 

70 

63 

67 

24 

140  

54 

70 

61 

69 

32 

141  

56 

73 

61 

71 

35 

Average  

54.1 

69.0 

64.1 

61.9 

34.7 

Period  II — Soybpan  straw,  1,135  grams 


130.  .  . 

41 

9 

48 

-4 

43 

131  

42 

-7 

52 

15 

43 

132  

39 

18 

44 

12 

41 

133... 

41 

26 

58 

14 

25 

134  

42 

16 

55 

47 

33 

135  

45 

30 

61 

25 

30 

136.  .  . 

36 

12 

51 

3 

27 

137  

41 

20 

56 

13 

30 

138  

40 

11 

54 

21 

32 

139  

40 

10 

54 

3 

31 

140  

38 

5 

56 

0 

26 

141  

40 

24 

57 

26 

21 

Average  

40.4 

14.5 

53.8 

14.6 

.  31.8 

Period  III — Oat  straw,  779  grams,  and  whole  soybeans,  228  grams 


130.  .  . 

46 

66 

48 

63 

38 

131  

47 

70 

46 

67 

40 

132  

45 

63 

46 

64 

35 

133.  .  . 

47 

69 

37 

63 

49 

134  

42 

69 

28 

70 

42 

135  

47 

73 

40 

58 

41 

136  .. 

46 

73 

41 

'  72 

38 

137  

48 

72 

45 

59 

42 

138  

49 

76 

41 

65 

40 

139  ;  

51 

73 

44 

63 

50 

140  

54 

74 

50 

77 

48 

141  

53 

73 

46 

79 

51 

Average  

47.9 

70.9 

42.7 

66.7 

42.8 

248 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


TABLE  3. — Concluded 


[March, 


Sheep  No. 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

N-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Period  IV — Oat  straw,  900  grams 


130.  .  , 

36 

47 

34 

11 

49 

131  

43 

18 

35 

26 

60 

132  

41 

19 

41 

32 

50 

133.  .  . 

48 

14 

49 

31 

56 

134  

48 

11 

45 

34 

61 

135   

49 

25 

48 

35 

56 

136.  .  . 

53 

-3 

53 

26 

65 

137  

50- 

—6 

46 

21 

68 

138  

56 

10 

54 

37 

67 

139  

45 

17 

45 

15 

55 

140    

39 

13 

42 

9 

47 

141  

46 

6 

49 

3 

53 

Average  

46.2 

14.3 

45.1 

23.3 

57.3 

Period  V — Soybean  straw,  910  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  225  grams 


130.  .  . 

53 

66 

63 

51 

38 

131  

54 

68 

60 

57 

43 

132  

56 

70 

61 

60 

46 

133  

55 

69 

65 

71 

41 

134  

54 

66 

66 

42 

40 

135  

55 

68 

69 

47 

36 

136  

57 

66 

67 

63 

44 

137  

59 

70 

71 

46 

46 

138  

59 

69 

66 

69 

50 

139  

52 

68 

58 

68 

41 

140     

55 

70 

61 

70 

44 

141  

56 

70 

62 

65 

46 

Average  

55.4 

68.3 

64.1 

59.1 

42.9 

possibility  that  the  nutrients  in  the  orts  were  derived  both  from  the 
soybean  oil  meal  and  from  the  soybean  straw,  but  from  the  similarity 
in  appearance  of  the  orts  to  the  coarser  portions  of  the  straw,  and  also 
from  the  similarity  in  composition,  it  is  assumed  that  all  of  the 
nutrients  in  the  orts  are  derived  from  the  straw.  The  individual  coeffi- 
cients of  digestibility  obtained  from  the  data  on  each  sheep  and  the 
averages  for  whole  soybeans  and  for  soybean  oil  meal  are  given  in 
Table  4. 

Metabolizable  Energy  of  Soybean  Products. — The  metabolizable 
energy  of  each  ration  and  of  each  feed  was  calculated  in  the  usual 
manner,  i.e.,  by  subtracting  from  the  gross  energy  of  the  feed  con- 
sumed the  gross  energy  of  the  solid,  liquid  (corrected  to  nitrogen 
equilibrium),  and  gaseous  excreta.  The  gross  energy  of  the  feeds  and 
of  the  solid  and  liquid  excreta  was  determined  directly  in  a  calori- 
metric  bomb.  It  may  safely  be  assumed  that  all  of  the  energy  lost  in 
the  gaseous  excreta  of  ruminants  is  in  the  methane  produced  by  the 
fermentation  of  carbohydrates.  According  to  Armsby26*  steers  pro- 
duce 4.5  grams  of  methane  for  each  100  grams  of  digestible  car- 


1928} 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


249 


TABLE  4. — SUMMARY  OF  DIGESTION  COEFFICIENTS  OF  WHOLE  SOYBEANS  AND  OF 

SOYBEAN  OIL  MEAL,  CALCULATED  INDIRECTLY  FROM  PERIODS  III  AND  V: 

INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 


Sheep  No. 

Dry 
matter 

Crude 
protein 

N-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Period  III— Whole  Soybeans 


130.  .  . 

48 

85 

68 

82 

—247 

131  

51 

88 

54 

86 

—215 

132  

40 

82 

53 

83 

—307 

133... 

49 

90 

—  16" 

81 

—  58 

134  

32 

84 

—  62a 

87 

—  113 

135  

49 

89 

17 

70 

—  88 

136... 

47 

94 

20 

92 

—  166 

137  

52 

92 

43 

73 

—  110 

138  

54 

97 

26 

81 

—  101 

139... 

63 

94 

39 

77 

—  40 

140  

75 

94 

74 

96 

—  61 

141  

74 

93 

53 

100 

—  33 

Average  

52.8 

90.1 

44.7 

84.0 

-128.3 

Period  V — Soybean  oil  meal 


130.  .  . 

102 

86 

109 

80 

178 

131  

107 

88 

90 

92 

323 

132  

110 

89 

94 

92 

326 

133... 

115 

89 

124 

118 

258 

134  

111 

85 

126 

64 

247 

135  

110 

87 

137 

72 

132 

136.  .. 

120 

81 

127 

97 

393 

137  

132 

86 

149 

67 

436 

138  

130 

84 

124 

107 

534 

J39  

101 

92 

77 

117 

285 

140  

109 

93 

89 

120 

333 

141  

121 

96 

96 

112 

431 

Average  

114.0 

88.0 

111.8 

94.8 

323.0 

•Omitted  from  average. 


bohydrates  in  the  ration  and  each  gram  of  methane  has  a  calorific 
value  of  13.34  calories.  The  energy  lost  in  the  gaseous  excreta  was 
calculated  using  these  factors. 

Unless  the  animal  is  neither  gaining  nor  losing  body  protein,  the 
difference  between  the  energy  consumed  and  the  energy  lost  in  the 
solid,  liquid,  and  gaseous  excreta  does  not  indicate  the  true  metaboliz- 
able  energy  value  of  the  feed.  A  correction  for  the  gain  or  loss  of  body 
protein  was  made  according  to  the  factor  suggested  by  Rubner.27*  For 
each  gram  of  urinary  nitrogen  derived  from  the  catabolism  of  body 
proteins  (equal  to  negative  nitrogen  balance)  7.45  calories  are  sub- 
tracted from  the  urinary  energy,  and  for  each  gram  of  nitrogen  stored 
in  the  body  (equal  to  the  positive  nitrogen  balance)  7.45  calories  are 
added  to  the  urinary  energy.  The  nitrogen  balance  of  each  animal  in 
each  period  is  given  in  the  Appendix,  Table  20. 

The  data  concerning  the  gross  energy,  of  feed  and  excreta,  and  the 
metabolizable  energy  of  each  of  the  rations  fed  during  the  five  periods, 


250 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


TABLE  5.  —  THE  GROSS  ENERGY,  ITS  LOSSES,  ITS  PERCENTAGE  DISTRIBUTION,  AND  THE  METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  OF  THE  RATIONS  FED: 
INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 

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SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


251 


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1928] 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


253 


are  tabulated  in  Table  5.  The  metabolizable  energy  of  each  ration  is 
expressed  in  therms  per  kilogram  of  dry  matter  and  per  kilogram  of 
digestible  organic  matter,  according  to  the  method  followed  by  Armsby, 
and  also  per  kilogram  of  total  digestible  nutrients,  in  the  calculation 
of  which  allowance  is  made  for  the  superior  energy  content  of  fat. 

The  metabolizable  energy  of  the  whole  soybeans  and  of  the  soy- 
bean oil  meal  is  calculated  by  an  indirect  method  exactly  analogous 
to  the  indirect  method  for  the  calculation  of  the  coefficients  of  digesti- 
bility of  these  concentrates.  The  calculated  metabolizable  energy  con- 
tent of  these  two  concentrates  for  each  sheep  is  given  in  Table  6  and 
the  average  metabolizable  energy  of  each  ration  and  each  feed  alone 
is  given  in  Table  7. 

TABLE  6. — METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  OP  WHOLE  SOYBEANS  AND  OF  SOYBEAN  OIL 
MEAL*:  INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 


Sheep 
No. 

Whole  soybeans 
(fed  with  oat  straw) 

Soybean  oil  meal 
(fed  with  soybean  straw) 

Per  kg. 
dry 
matter 

Per  kg. 
digestible 
organic 

matter 

Per  kg. 
total 
digestible 
nutrients'" 

Per  kg. 
dry 
matter 

Per  kg. 

digestible 
organic 
matter 

Per  kg. 
total 
digestible 
nutrients'" 

130... 

therms 
.70 
1.52 
.82 

3.73 
3.44 
5.51" 

2.37 
2.61 
3.51 

2.16 
3.23 
3.05 

2.47 

2.82 

thermx 
1.36 
2.88 
1.92 

8.17 
12.28« 
11.38' 

4.59 
4.60 
6.19 

3.46 
4.40 
4.32 

4.19 
4.60 

therms 
1.02 
2.14 
1.36 

5.84 
7.22« 
8.59" 

3.21 
3.52 
4.61 

2.65 
3.33 
3.21 

3.09 
3.42 

therms 
3.44 
3.65 
3.88 

2.91 
3.61 
3.44 

4.47 
5.26« 
6.04" 

3.59 
3.75 
4.40 

3.71 

therms 
3.67 
3.69 
3.85 

2.68 
3.48 
3.40 

3.94 
4.20 

4.S9" 

3.79 
3.65 
3.90 

3.66 

thermx 
3.47 
3.48 
3.63 

2.50 
3.34 
3.25 

3.73 
4.06 
4.63= 

3.50 
3  39 
3.66 

3.46 

131  

132  

133... 

134  

135  

136.  .. 

137  

138  

139   

140  

141  

Aver,  (all)  
Aver,  last  6 
sheep  

»The  metabolizable  energy  of  the  roughage  in  the  ration  is  calculated  by  multiplying  the  kilo- 
grams of  total  digestible  nutrients  in  the  roughage  consumed,  by  the  average  therms  of  metabolizable 
energy  per  kilogram  of  total  digestible  nutrients  in  that  roughage  as  found  in  a  previous  trial  on  the 
roughage  alone,  namely,  Period  IV  for  oat  straw  and  Period  II  for  soybean  straw. 

bTotal  digestible  nutrients  are  equal  to  the  sum  of  digestible  crude  protein,  digestible  carbo- 
hydrates, and  2.25  times  digestible  ether  extract. 

cThese  values  are  higher  than  the  values  for  corresponding  gross  energy  per  unit  of  weight 
indicated  and  are  therefore  omitted  from  the  averages. 


Discussion. — The  digestion  coefficients  obtained  for  each  ration 
are  fairly  concordant,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  Table  3.  The 
variations  among  individual  coefficients  are,  in  general,  small  for  those 
nutrients  present  in  the  ration  in  considerable  concentration.  As  was 
to  be  expected,  considerable  variations  were  obtained  with  reference  to 
the  nutrients  present  in  only  small  amounts.  This  is  especially  notice- 
able in  case  of  the  protein  and  ether  extract  of  soybean  straw  and  of 
oat  straw;  the  soybean  straw  contained  but  4.0  percent  of  protein  and 


254 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


TABLE  7. — SUMMARY  OP  AVERAGE  METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  VALUES  OF  THE  FEEDS 
AND  RATIONS  FED:  INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 


Feed  or  ration 

Number 
aver- 
aged 

Per  kg. 
dry 
matter 

Per  kg. 

digestible 
organic 
matter 

Per  kg. 
total 
digestible 
nutrients 

Soybean  hay,  1,051  grams  

12 

therms 
1.90 

therms 
3.73 

therms 
3.49 

12 

1.40 

3.57 

3.55 

Oat  straw,  779  grams,  and  whole  soybeans,  228 

12 

1.89 

4.18 

3.65 

Oat  straw,  900  grams  

12 

1.57 

3.61 

3.57 

Soybean  straw,  910  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal, 
225  grams  

12 

1.92 

3.69 

3.59 

Whole  soybeans,  228  grams  (fed  with  oat  straw, 
779  grams)  

6 

2.82 

4.60 

3.42 

Soybean  oil  meal,  225  grams  (fed  with  soybean 
straw,  910  grams)  

12 

3.71 

3.66 

3.46 

1.0  percent  of  fat  and  the  oat  straw  4.8  percent  of  protein  and  2.1 
percent  of  fat. 

While,  in  general,  fairly  concordant  results  were  obtained  for  the 
digestion  coefficients  of  the  rations  as  fed,  quite  the  opposite  was  the 
case  when  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  whole  soybeans  and  of  soybean 
oil  meal  wrere  calculated  in  the  usual  indirect  manner,  as  may  be  seen 
from  Table  4.  The  digestion  coefficients  computed  for  whole  soybeans 
vary  for  dry  substance  from  32  to  75 ;  for  crude  protein,  from  82  to  97; 
for  nitrogen- free  extract,  from  —62  to  74;  for  ether  extract,  from  70  to 
100;  and  for  crude  fiber,  from  —307  to  —33.  For  soybean  oil  meal,  the 
digestion  coefficients  vary  for  dry  substance  from  101  to  132 ;  for  crude 
protein  from  81  to  96;  for  nitrogen-free  extract,  from  77  to  149;  for 
ether  extract,  from  64  to  120;  and  for  crude  fiber,  from  132  to  534. 
These  variable  and  frequently  impossible  results  indicate  that  the 
assumptions  upon  which  the  indirect  method  of  calculation  is  based 
are  in  considerable  error. 

Variations  in  the  coefficients  obtained  in  a  digestion  trial  are  due 
chiefly  to  three  causes:  variations  in  the  digestive  capacity  of  the  ani- 
mal, variations  in  the  character  of  the  feed,  and  technical  errors  of 
the  test  itself.  The  technical  errors  of  the  test  may  be  due  to  avoid- 
able causes,  such  as  errors  in  the  taking  of  weights  or  in  the  analysis 
of  feeds  and  excreta,  or  to  unavoidable  causes,  such  as  irregularities 
in  the  voiding  of  excreta,  the  presence  of  metabolic  products  in  the 
feces,  and  a  variable  consumption  of  feed  by  the  experimental  animals. 

In  this  investigation  variations  in  results  due  to  variable  per- 
formance of  the  animals  were  reduced  to  a  minimum  by  the  use  of  12 
experimental  animals.  There  should  be  only  inconsiderable  variations 
traceable  to  the  character  of  the  feeds,  since  the  total  supply  of  each 
kind  wras  obtained  at  the  same  time,  from  the  same  place.  As  to  varia- 
tions caused  by  technical  errors,  the  effect  of  irregular  excretion  wras 
probably  not  large,  since  a  collection  period  of  7  days,  following  a  10- 
day  preliminary  period,  was  used  thruout.  There  is  no  apparent  reason 


1928]  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  255 

for  suspecting  the  accuracy  of  the  weights  and  the  chemical  analyses 
obtained.  There  remain,  therefore,  two  possible  sources  of  error, 
caused  by  the  presence  of  metabolic  products  in  the  feces  and  by 
the  irregular  consumption  of  the  experimental  rations.  The  former 
error  is  inherent  in  all  digestion  trials  and  is  unavoidable  until  some 
satisfactory  method  is  devised  for  the  separation  of  food  residues  from 
so-called  metabolic  products  in  the  feces.  The  effect  of  these  products 
upon  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  computed  by  the  ordinary  method 
is  to  underestimate  the  true  digestibility. 

Probably  the  most  serious  source  of  error  in  this  experiment  was 
the  rather  large  percentage  of  refused  feed  in  practically  every  period. 
Of  the  total  dry  substance  offered,  the  following  average  percentages 
were  refused:  soybean  hay  13.9  percent,  soybean  straw  31.1  percent, 
oat  straw  and  whole  soybeans  22.3  percent,  oat  straw  alone  22.2  per- 
cent, and  soybean  straw  and  soybean  oil  meal  6.9  percent. 

The  partial  refusal  of  feed  by  experimental  animals  is  unavoid- 
able in  so  far  as  it  is  due  to  the  inherent  character  of  the  feed  rather 
than  to  mere  fickleness  in  the  appetites  of  the  animals  or  to  the  use  of 
inferior  samples  of  feed.  It  is  unfortunately  true  that  soybean  rough- 
ages of  good  grade  are  rarely  consumed  completely  when  offered  to 
farm  animals,  because  of  the  woody  stems  always  present.  The  sam- 
ples of  roughages  used  in  this  experiment  were  of  this  character  and  it 
is  questionable  whether  a  repetition  of  the  experiment  on  the  rough- 
ages alone  would  have  given  any  more  satisfactory  results.  A  study  of 
Table  2  shows  that  the  feed  consumed  did  not  differ  markedly  in  com- 
position from  the  feed  offered,  but  nevertheless  the  use  of  the  digestion 
coefficients  in  connection  with  weights  of  roughages  offered  to  animals 
would  give  an  exaggerated  estimate  of  the  digestible  nutrients  con- 
sumed. In  so  far  as  the  orts  are  actually  inedible,  the  nutrients  con- 
tained in  them  are  in  the  same  category,  for  all  practical  purposes,  as 
the  nutrients  contained  in  the  feces. 

With  the  soybean  concentrates,  the  case  is  different.  The  variable 
and  frequently  impossible  coefficients  calculated  indirectly  for  these 
feeds  in  the  foregoing  experiments  evidently  are  of  no  practical  sig- 
nificance. Digestion  experiments  were  therefore  again  undertaken  with 
whole  soybeans  and  soybean  oil  meal  in  1925,  using  alfalfa  hay  as  the 
basal  ration,  instead  of  the  less  palatable  oat  straw  and  soybean 
roughages. 

INVESTIGATION  OF  1925 
Plan  of  Investigation 

The  1925  investigation  was  concerned  with  the  redetermination  of 
the  digestibility  and  metabolizable  energy  of  whole  soybeans  and  of 
soybean  oil  meal.  Six  sheep  were  used  thruout  this  part  of  the  investi- 
gation and  the  collection  periods  were  lengthened  from  7  to  10  days. 


256  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

The  rations  and  their  order  of  sequence  were  as  follows:  in  Period  VI, 
800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay;  in  Period  VII,  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  and 
225  grams  of  whole  soybeans;  in  Period  VIII,  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay 
and  112  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal;  in  Period  IX,  800  grams  of  alfalfa 
hay  and  340  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal ;  and  in  Period  X,  450  grams 
of  soybean  oil  meal  alone.  Each  sheep  received  10  grams  of  salt  daily. 
With  the  exception  of  Period  X,  data  were  collected  for  each  period 
with  each  of  the  six  sheep.  In  Period  X,  only  Sheep  R3  consumed  the 
450  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  daily  for  the  necessary  20  days.  An 
attempt  was  made  also  to  feed  whole  soybeans  alone,  but  this  was 
unsuccessful,  due  to  the  scouring  effect  after  the  first  few  days  on  this 
ration. 

Considering  alfalfa  hay  as  the  basal  ration,  the  digestibility  and 
the  metabolizable  energy  of  the  whole  soybeans  and  of  the  soybean  oil 
meal,  the  latter  at  two  different  levels,  were  calculated  in  the  usual 
indirect  manner.  Considering  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  and  112  grams 
of  soybean  oil  meal,  the  ration  fed  in  Period  VIII,  as  the  basal  ration 
in  Period  IX,  the  digestibility  and  the  metabolizable  energy  of  the 
additional  228  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  fed  in  the  latter  period  wras 
computed.  This  was  done  with  the  thought  that  any  associative  ef- 
fects of  combining  soybean  oil  meal  with  alfalfa  might  be  partially 
or  wholly  overcome  by  the  112  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal,  and  there- 
fore the  computed  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  and  the  metabolizable 
energy  of  the  additional  228  grams  might  be  more  nearly  representa- 
tive of  the  true  values  of  this  concentrate  when  fed  alone.  Finally, 
these  values  obtained  by  the  indirect  method  were  compared  with 
those  directly  obtained  for  one  sheep  when  the  concentrate  was  fed 
alone  in  Period  X. 

The  digestion  trials  of  the  1925  investigation  were  managed  in  a 
manner  very  similar  to  those  of  the  1923  investigation.  The  errors  in- 
curred in  the  latter  investigation  by  the  comparatively  large  amounts 
of  refused  feeds  were  completely  obviated  in  the  second  investigation 
by  feeding  such  amounts  of  a  very  palatable  feed  as  would  be  readily 
consumed  and  at  the  same  time  would  adequately  cover  the  main- 
tenance requirements  of  the  sheep.  All  sheep  either  maintained  their 
weights  or  gained  slightly  during  each  trial  and  with  one  exception 
(Sheep  R3  in  Period  VIII  had  a  negative  nitrogen  balance  of  .15  gram 
daily)  all  sheep  were  in  positive  nitrogen  balance  in  all  periods.  There 
was  not  more  than  a  handful  of  refused  feed  from  any  one  sheep  at 
the  end  of  any  period. 

The  sheep  used  in  this  part  of  the  investigation  were  Western 
yearling  wethers  varying  in  weight  from  80  to  110  pounds,  and  were 
again  run  in  groups  of  three.  Two  changes  were  made  in  each  of  the 
metabolism  crates  during  this  year.  The  cloth  on  the  lower  screen 
for  recovering  the  feces  was  replaced  by  copper  screening  permanently 


1928} 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


257 


attached  to  a  metal  frame,  and  windows  were  placed  on  both  sides  of 
the  crate  instead  of  on  one  only,  thus  permitting  the  sheep  to  see  sheep 
in  adjoining  crates.  Both  windows  were  fitted  with  %-inch  iron  bars 
placed  vertically  3  inches  apart.  After  a  year's  use  of  the  modified 
crates,  the  authors  were  satisfied  that  the  changes  were  well  worth 
while. 

Experimental  Results  Obtained  in  1925 

Digestibility. — The  calculation  of  the  coefficients  of  digestibility 
of  the  nutrients  in  each  of  the  five  rations  fed  was  made  in  the  usual 
direct  manner  and,  considering  the  alfalfa  hay  as  the  basal  ration  in 
Periods  VII,  VIII,  and  IX,  the  digestion  coefficients  of  the  nutrients  in 
whole  soybeans  and  in  soybean  oil  meal,  the  latter  at  the  two  different 
levels,  were  calculated  according  to  the  usual  indirect  fashion.  Consid- 
ering the  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  and  the  112  grams  of  soybean  oil 
meal,  the  ration  fed  in  Period  VIII,  as  the  basal  ration  in  Period  IX, 

TABLE  8. — AVERAGE  PERCENTAGE  COMPOSITION  AND  GROSS  ENERGY  CONTENT  OF 

FEEDS  AND  RATIONS  CONSUMED  AND  OF  FECES  EXCRETED: 

INVESTIGATION  OF  1925 


Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

N-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Ash 

Crude 
fiber 

Gross 
energy 
per  kg. 

Period  VI — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 


Alfalfa  hay  

pet. 
94.4 

pet. 
19.4 

pet. 
35  8 

pet. 
2  76 

pet. 
9  55 

pet. 
26  9 

therms 
4  24 

Feces  

71.8 

9.28 

19.0 

3.83 

10.2 

30  4 

3  20 

Period  VII — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  whole  soybeans,  225  grams 


Alfalfa  hay  

95.5 

20.8 

36.1 

2  66 

10  4 

25  5 

4  19 

Soybeans  

94.0 

32.6 

29.1 

19.5 

5  94 

6  90 

5  21 

Ration  consumed  

95.5 

23  0 

34  5 

6  35 

21  0 

4  42 

Feces  

69.2 

10.3 

19  2 

3  03 

9  51 

27  22 

3  19 

Period  VIII — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams 


Alfalfa  hay1  

91.0 

19.0 

36  3 

2  58 

9  36 

23  8 

4  02 

Soybean  oil  meal  

90.7 

38.8 

30.5 

6.18 

6.57 

8.67 

4  39 

91  0 

22  7 

35  5 

3  23 

21  0 

4  07 

Feces.  .  . 

71.4 

10.5 

18.5 

2.96 

10.7 

28.8 

3.08 

Period  IX — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal.  340  grams 


Alfalfa  hay  

87.5 

14.3 

34.7 

1.71 

7.49 

29.4 

3.84 

Soybean  oil  meal  

91.2 

40.4 

31.1 

5.04 

6.48 

8.16 

4  35 

Rations  consumed  

93.0 

23.3 

34.8 

2.80 

23.0 

3.95 

Feces..  . 

60.0 

9.39 

14.2 

1.59 

7.22 

27.6 

2.69 

Period  X — Soybean  oil  meal,  450  grams 


Soybean  oil  meal  

89.6 

39.2 

30.3 

5.20 

6.38 

8.51 

4.28 

Feces.  .  . 

45.1 

9.66 

13.8 

3.22 

8.37 

10.0 

2.21 

•The  chemical  analyses  of  the  alfalfa  hay  fed  to  the  two  groups  of  sheep  in  this  period  were: 
for  sheep  Bl,  B2,  and  B3,  dry  substance  91.47  percent,  crude  protein  24.06,  N-free  extract  36.01,  crude 
fiber  17.68,  ether  extract  3.34,  ash  10:38,  and  gross  energy  4,066  calories  per  gram;  for  sheep  Rl,  R2, 
and  R3.  dry  substance  90.90  percent,  crude  protein  16.53  percent,  N-free  extract  36.4,  crude  fiber 
26.79,  ether  extract  2.20,  ash  8.86,  and  gross  energy  3,995  calories  per  gram. 


258 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


the  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  in  the  additional  228  grams  of  soy- 
bean oil  meal  fed  in  this  period  was  also  calculated.  A  direct  determi- 
nation of  the  digestion  coefficients  of  soybean  oil  meal  was  obtained 
in  Period  X,  in  which  one  sheep  ate  soybean  oil  meal  alone. 

The  average  percentage  composition  and  the  gross  energy  content 
of  the  feeds  and  rations  consumed  and  of  the  feces  of  each  period  are 
tabulated  in  Table  8.  The  digestion  coefficients  of  each  ration  and 
each  feed,  obtained  directly  or  calculated  by  current  methods,  are 
given  in  Table  9. 

TABLE  9. — SUMMARY  OF  DIGESTION  COEFFICIENTS:  INVESTIGATION  OF  1925 


Sheep  No. 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

N-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Period  VI  —  Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 

Bl.. 

66 
66 
66 

63 
65 
63 

65 

78 
80 
81 

76 
78 

77 

78 

77 
77 

77 

74 
75 
75 

76 

63 
63 

58 

45 
40 
34 

51 

48 
48 
48 

47 
51 
48 

48 

B2  

B3  

Rl.. 

R2        

R3  

Average  

Period  VII  —  Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  whole  soybeans,  225  grams 

Bl.  . 

69 
70 
69 

67 
69 

72 

69 

80 
82 
81 

80 
81 
83 

81 

78 
76 
75 

76 
76 
79 

77 

78 
81 
78 

80 
80 
84 

80 

55 
51 
51 

37 
39 
46 

47 

B2.  .. 

B3               

Rl 

R2   .*.  

R3  

Average.  .  . 

Period  VIII — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams 


Bl.., 

67 

82 

78 

67 

28 

B2.  .  . 

66 

83 

76 

55 

27 

B3  

68 

83 

78 

64 

29 

Rl  . 

63 

73 

76 

44 

48 

-R2  

61 

73 

76 

50 

42 

R3  

58 

74 

73 

48 

37 

Averaee.  .  . 

64 

78 

76 

55 

35 

Period  IX — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  340  grams 


Bl.  . 

67 

80 

80 

67 

41 

B2.  .      

67 

80 

79 

71 

41 

B3  

67 

80 

79 

67 

42 

Rl.  . 

65 

75 

78 

63 

43 

R2     

62 

77 

77 

75 

30 

R3  

64 

79 

77 

78 

37 

Average.  .  . 

65 

78 

78 

70 

39 

Period  X — Soybean  oil  meal  alone,  450  grams 


R3. 


M 


00 


5.3 


1928] 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


259 


TABLE  9. — Concluded 


Sheep  No. 

Dry 
matter 

Crude 
protein 

N-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Period  VII — Whole  soybeans,  225  grams  (fed  with  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams)* 


Bl.  . 

84 

82 

86 

89 

88 

B2.  .. 

87 

89 

77 

93 

94 

B3  .  . 

84 

88 

74 

89 

88 

Bl.., 

75 

85 

79 

95 

—90 

R2... 

80 

90 

79 

95 

—77 

R3  

94 

95 

94 

102 

10 

Average.  .  . 

84 

88 

82 

94 

19 

Period  VIII — Soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams  (fed  with  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams)* 


Bl.. 

80 

98 

97 

100 

—270 

B2.  .. 

73 

104 

76 

100 

—280 

B3  

86 

107 

103 

90 

-250 

Bl.. 

49 

55 

76 

17 

0 

R2  

36 

59 

81 

50 

-  90 

R3  

10 

57 

53 

24 

-230 

Average.  .  . 

56 

80 

81 

64 

-187 

Period  IX — Soybean  oil  meal,  340  grams  (fed  with  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams)* 


Bl.  . 

73 

82 

91 

76 

—  21 

B2.  .. 

72 

81 

89 

88 

—  14 

B3  

72 

82 

87 

76 

-  11 

Bl.. 

64 

72 

84 

72 

0 

R2  

53 

77 

81 

88 

-168 

R3  

62 

80 

81 

94 

-  88 

Average.  .  . 

66 

79 

86 

82 

-  50 

Period  IX — Soybean  oil  meal,  228  grams  (fed  with  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soybean 
oil  meal,  112  grams)* 


Bl.  . 

74 

84 

94 

91 

116 

B2.  .  . 

73 

82 

92 

100 

116 

B3  

72 

85 

92 

81 

127 

Bl.., 

62 

71 

86 

75 

135 

R2  

44 

76 

81 

109 

-  47 

R3  

57 

80 

81 

119 

71 

Average.  .  . 

64 

80 

88 

96 

86 

•Indirectly  determined. 

Metabolizable  Energy. — As  in  the  first  investigation  sufficient  data 
were  obtained  for  each  sheep  and  each  ration  for  the  satisfactory  cal- 
culation of  metabolizable  energy.  The  nitrogen  balance  data  are  tab- 
ulated in  the  Appendix,  Table  21,  while  Table  10  presents  the  inter- 
mediate and  final  calculations  of  metabolizable  energy.  Table  11  gives 
the  indirectly  calculated  values  for  the  metabolizable  energy  of  whole 
soybeans  and  of  soybean  oil  meal.  Table  12  presents  a  summary  of 
the  metabolizable  energy  of  all  feeds  and  rations  fed  in  the  investiga- 
tion of  1925. 

Discussion. — In  general,  the  1925  trials  were  quite  satisfactory. 
The  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  and  the  metabolizable 


260 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


TABLE  10.  —  THE  GROSS  ENERGY,  ITS  LOSSES,  ITS  PERCENTAGE  DISTRIBUTION  AND  THE  METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  OF  THE  RATIONS  FED: 
INVESTIGATION  OF  1925 

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digestible 
organic 
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«  o 

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Metabo- 
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1 

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SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


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262 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


TABLE  11. — COMPUTED  METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  OF  WHOLE  SOYBEANS  AND  OP 
SOYBEAN  OIL  MEAL:  INVESTIGATION  OF  1925 


Sheep  No. 

Per  kg.  dry 
matter 

Per  kg.  digestible 
organic 
matter 

Per  kg.  total 

digestible 
nutrients 

Period  VII — Whole  soybeans.  225  grams  (fed  with  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams) 


Bl.. 

therms 
4.123 

therms 
5.141 

therms 
3.995 

B2                                          

4.174 

5.145 

3.964 

B3  

3.873 

4.946 

3.823 

Rl.. 

3.292 

4.950 

3.607 

R2... 

3.575 

5.087 

3.762 

R3  

4.259 

5.073 

3.856 

Average.  .  . 

3.883 

5.057 

3.835 

Period  IX — Soybean  oil  meal,  228  grams  (fed  with  soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams,  and 
alfalfa  hay,  800  grams) 


Bl.. 

3.266 

3.841 

3.586 

B2  

3.333 

3.966 

3.675 

B3  

3.005 

3.555 

3.317 

Rl.. 

3.053 

3.938 

3.704 

R2... 

2.126 

3.318 

2.959 

R3  

2.515 

3.279 

2.973 

Average  

2.883 

3.650 

3.369 

TABLE  12. — COMPUTED  SUMMARY  OF  THE  METABOLIZABLE  ENERGY  VALUES  OF  THE 
FEEDS  AND  RATIONS  FED:  INVESTIGATION  OF  1925 


Feed  or  ration 

Number 
aver- 
aged 

Per  kg. 
dry 
matter 

Per  kg. 

digestible 
organic 
matter 

Per  kg. 

total 
digestible 
nutrients 

Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams  

a 

therms 
2  44 

therms 
4Ofi 

therms 
3  94 

Whole  soybeans,  225  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800 
grams  

g 

27^ 

411 

3  91 

Soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay, 
800  grams  

a 

2  51 

41^ 

3  97 

Soybean  oil  meal,  340  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay, 
800  grams  

6 

2  47 

4  02 

3  86 

Soybean  oil  meal,  450  grams  

1 

3  49 

4  22 

3  94 

Whole  soybeans,  225  grams  (fed  with  alfalfa  hay, 
800  grams)  

g 

3  88 

5  06 

3  84 

Soybean  oil  meal,  228  grams  (fed  with  soybean 
oil  meal,  112  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 

6 

2.88 

3.65 

3.37 

energy  values  of  each  of  the  rations  fed  were  quite  generally  consistent 
for  all  six  sheep.  While  the  indirectly  calculated  coefficients  were,  in 
general,  better  than  those  of  the  1923  trials,  they  are  still  far  from 
being  completely  concordant.  In  addition  to  being  more  consistent,  the 
1925  results  represent  more  nearly  the  true  values  of  the  feeds  as  fed, 
since  there  was  no  appreciable  amount  of  refused  feed  in  any  period. 
A  modification  of  the  ordinary  method  of  computing  indirect  co- 
efficients of  digestion  was  resorted  to  in  Period  IX,  in  which  800  grams 
of  alfalfa  and  340  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  were  fed.  Considering 
the  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  as  a  basal  ration,  the  coefficients  of 
digestion  of  the  nutrients  in  the  340  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  were 


1928]  SOYBEAN*  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  263 

calculated.  Then  by  considering  the  ration  fed  in  Period  VIII  (800 
grams  of  alfalfa  hay  and  112  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal)  as  the  basal 
in  Period  IX,  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  in  the  ad- 
ditional 228  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  were  calculated.  These  figures 
are  more  consistent  than  those  in  the  former  calculation. 

An  inadvertent  occurrence  in  Period  VIII  explains  the  discrep- 
ancy existing  between  the  coefficients  obtained  for  the  two  groups  of 
sheep.  Sheep  Bl,  B2,  and  B3  were  fed,  during  both  the  preliminary 
feeding  period  and  the  collection  period,  alfalfa  hay  containing  an  ex- 
cessive amount  of  leaves  and  dust,  the  remains  of  the  large  stack  of 
alfalfa  which  had  been  used  in  the  preceding  periods.*  This  hay  con- 
tained 24.06  percent  of  crude  protein,  which  is  about  5  percent  higher 
than  the  hay  fed  in  the  other  periods,  and  only  17.68  percent  of  crude 
fiber,  nearly  10  percent  lower.  The  alfalfa  hay  fed  to  Sheep  Rl,  R2, 
and  R3  in  this  period  was  the  same  as  in  the  other  periods. 

GENERAL  DISCUSSION  OF  EXPERIMENTAL  RESULTS 

The  digestion  coefficients  of  all  feeds  and  rations  fed  during  both 
investigations  are  compiled  in  Table  13.  In  order  to  compare  these 
results  with  others  heretofore  published,  the  literature  was  searched 
for  all  digestion  experiments  in  which  soybean  products  were  used. 
There  are  at  least  two  well-known  compilations  of  average  digestion 
coefficients,  one  by  Lindsey,  Haskins,  Smith,  and  Beals,24*  published  in 
1919,  and  one  by  Henry  and  Morrison,21*  revised  to  1923.  These  com- 
pilations, however,  give  only  the  average  coefficients  obtained  for  dif- 
ferent species  of  animals.  Since  digestion  coefficients  for  all  concen- 
trate feeds  are  indirectly  obtained  in  the  case  of  ruminants,  it  is  of 
importance  to  know  the  basal  rations  to  which  these  concentrates  were 
added  in  order  to  discover  to  what  extent  associative  effects  may  have 
operated. 

In  1900  Jordan  and  Hall29*  of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations, 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  published  a  compilation  giving  in  de- 
tail the  data  on  all  American  digestion  experiments.  This  valuable 
summary  has  never  been  brought  up  to  date.  In  1925  Fraps30*  made  a 
compilation  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Jordan  and  Hall,  tho  includ- 
ing less  information  concerning  the  experimental  conditions  of  the 
individual  trials." 


'This  experiment  continued  for  a  longer  time  than  was  anticipated  and  it 
was  necessary  at  this  point  to  purchase  more  alfalfa  hay. 

bln  this  compilation  by  Fraps  two  mistakes  in  the  digestion  coefficients  given 
for  soybean  oil  meal  were  noted  when  the  original  data  were  consulted.  In  the 
second  line  of  Table  8,  page  55,  of  Fraps'  bulletin,  the  averages  of  772  for  protein, 
74.2  for  ether  extract,  etc.,  for  soybean  meal,  are  the  average  coefficients  for  a 
ration  of  .5  pound  of  soybean  meal  and  1  pound  of  timothy  rowen  hay  obtained 
by  Phelps  and  Woods8*  on  sheep.  In  line  three  of  the  same  table  and  page,  the 
coefficients  given  are  similar  coefficients  obtained  by  the  same  (see  page  266) 


264 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[March, 


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TABLE  13.  —  SUMMARY  OF  DIGE 

Feed  or  ration 

Soybean  hay,  1,051  grams  (1923)  
Soybean  straw,  1,135  grams  (1923)  
Oat  straw.  900  warns  (1923)  .  . 

Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams  (1925)  

Whole  soybeans,  228  grams,  and  oat  straw 
(1923).  . 

"3 

T3 

1 

§ 

g 

M 

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oT 

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Soybean  oil  meal,  225  grams,  and  soybean 
wains  (1923).  .  . 

1 

T3 

g 

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'°C 
d  E 

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do 

Whole  soybeans,  228  grams  (fed  with  oat 
warns)  (1923).  .  . 

Whole  soybeans,  225  grams  (fed  with  alfa 
warns)  (1925)... 

Whole  soybeans,  average  

•g 

-    B    > 

>  5 

« 

> 

a 

X 

a 

g 

1928] 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


265 


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266  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

Because  of  the  absence  of  any  recent  compilation  giving  full  de- 
tailed data  for  digestion  experiments  on  soybean  products,  the  original 
publications  were  examined  and  their  essential  features  summarized 
in  the  Appendix,  Table  22,  which  is  intended  to  cover  all  experiments, 
both  foreign  and  American,  reported  up  to  May,  1927.  The  table  in- 
cludes a  description  of  the  ration  fed,  individual  data  for  each  animal, 
and  the  length  of  collection  period,  as  well  as  the  date  and  reference  to 
the  experimenter.  It  is  therefore  suited  to  a  study  of  the  extent  of 
variation  occurring  in  digestion  coefficients  obtained  under  different 
conditions. 

The  Digestibility  of  Soybean  Products 

The  average  percentage  composition  and  the  gross  energy  content 
of  all  feeds  used  in  this  investigation  are  shown  in  Table  14.  There  is 
also  listed  for  comparison  the  percentage  composition  of  the  same 
feeds  as  found  in  Henry  and  Morrison's  "Feeds  and  Feeding."21*  From 
such  a  comparison,  it  may  be  considered  that  all  feeds  used  were  fairly 
representative  samples  of  feed  obtainable  in  the  corn  belt  (except  the 
alfalfa  fed  in  the  first  part  of  Period  VIII,  referred  to  on  page  263). 

While  the  investigation  was  concerned  chiefly  with  a  study  of  the 
soybean  plant,  information  was  obtained  also  for  oat  straw  and  alfalfa 
hay.  With  the  exception  of  ether  extract,  which  is  of  insignificant 
value  in  the  feeding  of  roughages,  all  of  the  nutrients  of  alfalfa  hay 
are  digested  to  a  considerably  higher  extent  than  are  those  of  soybean 
hay.  Both  soybean  straw  and  oat  s!raw  are  inferior  to  soybean  hay 
and  alfalfa  hay  in  digestibility,  while  oat  straw  is  considerably  su- 
perior to  soybean  straw. 

The  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  in  the  combined  rations  was  in- 
variably increased  whenever  alfalfa  hay  was  substituted  for  either 
soybean  straw  or  oat  straw  in  a  ration  containing  either  soybean  oil 
meal  or  whole  soybeans.  In  a  ration  containing  approximately  .5 
pound  of  whole  soybeans  and  1.75  pounds  of  oat  straw,  the  coefficients 
for  dry  matter,  crude  protein,  nitrogen-free  extract,  ether  extract,  and 
crude  fiber  were  48,  71,  43,  67,  and  43  in  the  order  named.  The  same 
coefficients  for  a  ration  in  which  the  oat  straw  was  replaced  by  ap- 
proximately the  same  amount  of  alfalfa  hay  were  69,  81,  77,  80,  and  47. 
The  coefficients  for  a  ration  of  approximately  .5  pound  of  soybean  oil 
meal  and  2.0  pounds  of  soybean  straw  were  55,  68,  64,  59,  and  43, 
while  for  a  ration  containing  .25  pound  of  soybean  oil  meal  and  1.75 
pounds  of  alfalfa  hay  the  average  digestion  coefficients  were  64,  78, 
76,  55,  and  35  respectively;  for  a  ration  containing  .75  pound  of  soy- 
bean oil  meal  and  1.75  pounds  of  alfalfa  hay,  the  average  coefficients 
were,  in  order,  65,  78,  78,  70,  and  39. 

investigators  with  sheep  on  a  ration  of  .75  pound  of  soybean  meal  and  1.5  pounds 
of  timothy  rowen  hay.  Omitting  these  two  misquoted  series  of  results,  the  aver- 
age digestion  coefficients  for  soybean  meal  become  90.9  for  protein,  92.7  for  ether 
extract,  67.8  for  crude  fiber,  and  79.5  for  nitrogen-free  extract. 


1928} 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


267 


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268  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

From  Table  13  it  appears  that  the  average  digestibility  of  the 
dry  matter,  crude  protein,  and  nitrogen-free  extract  was  very  nearly 
the  same  for  the  four  rations  used  in  1925.  Some  variations  occurred 
in  the  digestibility  of  crude  fiber,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  aver- 
age differences  are  significant,  while  the  digestibility  of  the  ether  ex- 
tract varied  directly  with  the  fat  content  of  the  ration.  For  rations 
consisting  of  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  alone,  and  for  those  containing 
800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  combined  with  whole  soybeans  (225  grams) 
or  with  soybean  oil  meal  in  varying  amounts  (112  and  340  grams),  the 
average  coefficients  of  digestion  of  dry  matter  were,  in  the  order  named, 
65,  69,  64,  and  65;  those  for  crude  protein,  78,  81,  78,  and  78;  for  nitro- 
gen-free extract,  76,  77,  76,  and  78;  for  crude  fiber,  48,  47,  35,  and  39; 
and  for  ether  extract,  51,  80,  55,  and  70.  It  seems  remarkable  that  these 
four  rations  should  possess  so  similar  a  digestibility  for  most  of  the 
nutrients. 

Significance  of  Refused  Feed  in  Digestion  Experiments 

The  coefficient  of  digestibility  of  a  nutrient  is  ordinarily  expressed 
as  that  percentage  of  the  nutrient  consumed  which  does  not  appear  in 
the  feces.  Obtained  in  this  manner,  however,  it  is  normally  applied  to 
the  feed  as  fed  in  the  calculation  of  the  digestible  nutrients  of  rations. 
This  brings  up  the  question,  Do  the  coefficients  thus  obtained  repre- 
sent the  digestibility  of  the  feed  fed  under  practical  conditions? 

Under  practical  conditions  of  feeding,  animals  naturally  do  not 
eat  the  coarse,  woody,  and  unpalatable  portions  that  may  be  found  in 
roughages.  An  examination  of  the  mangers  in  most  any  barn  will  sub- 
stantiate this  statement.  Thus  Nevens31*  found  that  a  close  relation- 
ship existed  between  the  thickness  of  planting  soybeans  and  the  pro- 
portion of  refused  hay  (stems).  Feeding  trials  showed  that  while  120 
pounds  per  ton  were  refused  from  hay  grown  in  plots  on  which  1.25 
bushels  of  soybeans  had  been  sown,  360  pounds  per  ton  were  refused 
from  hay  taken  from  the  plots  on  which  .5  bushel  of  seed  had  been 
sown.  If,  under  practical  conditions,  a  certain  amount  of  the  rough- 
age is  left  uneaten,  digestion  coefficients  based  on  the  amounts  of  the 
nutrients  offered,  instead  of  upon  the  amounts  of  nutrients  consumed, 
would  be  of  considerable  importance  tho  subject  to  variation  depend- 
ing upon  the  condition  of  the  feed. 

While  the  data  in  this  investigation  may  not  be  sufficient  to  justify 
any  general  conclusions  in  this  connection,  a  comparison  of  the  di- 
gestion coefficients  based  upon  the  nutrients  consumed  and  on  the  nu- 
trients offered  is  of  interest.  Therefore,  in  addition  to  the  usual  method 
of  calculating  digestion  coefficients,  coefficients  were  also  calculated  on 
the  basis  of  the  nutrients  offered.  The  two  sets  of  coefficients  are 
averaged  for  each  ration  fed  in  the  1923  investigation  in  Table  15.  As 
would  be  expected,  all  coefficients  calculated  on  the  basis  of  nutrients 


1928} 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


269 


TABLE  16. — DIGESTIBLE  NUTRIENTS  PER  100  POUNDS  OF  FEED  OR  RATION  COM- 
PUTED BY  MEANS  OF  COEFFICIENTS  SUMMARIZED  IN  TABLE  15a 


Ration 

Dry 

matter 

Crude 
protein 

N-free 
extract 

Ether 
extract 

Crude 
fiber 

Total  di- 
gestible 
nutrients 

Soybean  hay  

/6s. 
(41.4) 

Ibs. 
(9.5) 

(6s. 
(19  .  5) 

Ibs. 

(2.1) 

Ib*. 
(7.2) 

Ibs. 
(40.9) 

Sovbean  straw  

49.1 
(24.1) 

11.5 
(.45) 

23.2 
(14.5) 

2.5 
(.12) 

8.8 

(7.8) 

49.1 
(23.0) 

Oat  straw  and  whole  soybeans  

36.0 
(36.6) 

.69 

(8.3) 

22.0 
(13.7) 

.18 
(3.5) 

12.1 

(8.4) 

35.2 
(38.3) 

Oat  straw  

43.8 
(34.0) 

10.3 
(.42) 

16.7 
(14.8) 

4.2 

(.33) 

10.4 
(16.4) 

46.9 
(32.4) 

43.6 

(47.5) 

.69 

(6.9) 

19.0 

(23.8) 

.43 
(1.0) 

21.0 
(13.6) 

41.7 

(46.6) 

51.0 

8.0 

25.1 

1.1 

14.3 

49.9 

•The  figures  given  in  parentheses  were  obtained  by  the  use  of  the  coefficients  of  digestion  based 
on  the  quantity  of  feed  offered.  They  therefore  represent  the  amounts  of  digestible  nutrients  per 
100  pounds  of  feed  or  ration.  The  figures  not  enclosed  in  parentheses  were  obtained  by  the  use  of  the 
coefficients  based  on  the  quantity  of  feed  consumed.  They  represent,  therefore,  the  digestible  nu- 
trients per  100  pounds  of  consumed  (edible?)  feed  or  ration. 


offered  are  lower  than  those  calculated  on  the  basis  of  nutrients  con- 
sumed. The  greatest,  differences,  of  course,  relate  to  the  less  palatable 
straws  and,  among  the  different  nutrients,  to  the  crude  fiber,  but  it 
should  be  noted  that  all  other  nutrients  are  considerably  affected  also. 
These  differences  are,  perhaps,  better  shown  in  Table  16,  in  which  are 
tabulated  the  average  number  of  pounds  of  digestible  nutrients  per  100 
pounds  of  feed  or  ration. 

In  Table  16  the  figures  set  off  in  parentheses  do  not  include  the 
nutrients  in  the  refused  feed;  the  others  do.  The  figures  in  the  last 
three  lines  for  alfalfa  hay,  whole  soybeans,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  how- 
ever, would  be  the  same  on  both  bases  since  the  nutrients  offered  were 
also  consumed.  In  calculating  the  digestible  nutrients  in  soybean  hay 
(offered),  soybean  straw  (offered),  oat  straw  (offered),  alfalfa  hay, 
whole  soybeans,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  the  average  percentage  com- 
position of  these  feeds  obtained  in  this  investigation  and  the  coefficients 
of  digestion  tabulated  in  Table  15  on  the  basis  of  nutrients  offered  were 
used.  In  calculating  the  digestible  nutrients  in  the  combined  rations 
offered  and  consumed,  the  average  percentage  composition  of  these 
rations  as  given  in  Table  8  and  the  corresponding  coefficients  given  in 
Table  15  were  used. 

It  can  be  seen  from  Table  16  that  the  usual  method  of  calculating 
the  amounts  of  digestible  nutrients  indicates  a  much  greater  utilization 
of  the  nutrients  than  is  actually  the  case  when  allowance  is  made  for 
the  refused,  and  presumably  inedible,  portions.  The  percentage  of 
total  digestible  nutrients  in  the  soybean  hay  in  these  experiments  was 
actually  42.2  percent,  as  compared  with  49.1  percent  as  ordinarily 
computed,  neglecting  the  inedible  fraction.  The  percentage  of  total 
digestible  nutrients  in  soybean  straw  was  actually  23.6  percent,  as 


270  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

compared  with  the  customary  computation  of  35.2  percent,  a  difference 
of  11.6  percent.    Similar  differences  may  be  noted  for  the  other  rations. 

The  question  whether  the  amounts  of  feeds  refused  in  this  experi- 
ment were  excessive  should  be  considered  at  this  point.  The  following 
were  the  average  amounts  of  feeds  fed  and  the  average  percentages  of 
dry  matter  refused  from  each  ration:  of  2.25  pounds  of  soybean  hay  an 
average  of  13.9  percent  of  the  dry  matter  was  refused;  of  2.5  pounds  of 
soybean  straw,  31.1  percent  was  refused;  of  about  1.75  pounds  of  oat 
straw  and  .5  pound  of  whole  soybeans,  22.3  percent  of  the  dry  matter 
of  the  oat  straw  was  not  eaten;  of  about  2  pounds  of  oat  straw,  22.2 
percent  was  refused;  and  of  about  2  pounds  of  soybean  straw  and  .5 
pound  of  soybean  oil  meal,  6.9  percent  of  the  dry  matter  of  the  soybean 
straw  proved  inedible.  The  feeding  experiment  of  Nevens,31*  in  which, 
depending  upon  the  coarseness  of  the  hay,  from  6  to  18  percent  of  soy- 
bean hay  was  refused  by  dairy  cattle,  has  been  mentioned.  In  a 
similar  experiment  with  sheep  Kammlade32*  fed  one  lot  of  ewes  3.12 
pounds  of  alfalfa  hay,  of  which  1.7  percent  was  refused.  A  second  lot 
receiving  3.77  pounds  of  soybean  hay,  refused  an  average  of  15.2  per- 
cent. When  a  ration  of  .98  pound  of  grain  and  3.01  pounds  of  alfalfa 
hay  was  fed,  less  than  1  percent  was  refused,  but  a  ration  of  .87  pound 
of  grain  and  4.26  pounds  of  soybean  hay  was  refused  to  the  extent  of 
20.7  percent.  In  an  experiment  with  soybean  straw  Kammlade  found 
that  more  than  40  percent  was  refused. 

An  examination  of  a  number  of  the  digestion  experiments  pre- 
viously mentioned  in  this  bulletin  showed  that  some  feed  was  refused 
in  practically  all  cases  in  which  the  animals  were  receiving  approxi- 
mately full  feeds  of  a  ration  containing  a  roughage.  In  Kellner's  ex- 
periment on  soybean  hay3*  one  sheep  refused  8.5  and  the  other  18.0 
percent  of  the  dry  matter  from  1  kilogram  of  the  hay.  In  an  experi- 
ment with  soybean  hay  Emery  and  Kilgore5*  reported  that  a  goat 
which  received  1,200  grams  daily  refused  28.1  percent  of  the  dry  mat- 
ter, and  a  cow  which  received  16  pounds  daily  refused  14.7  percent. 
From  a  ration  of  400  grams  each  of  soybean  hay  and  English  hay, 
Lindsey6*  found  14.4  percent  of  the  dry  matter  of  soybean  hay  refused 
by  one  sheep,  and  in  another  experiment11*  one  sheep,  offered  2,000 
grams  of  green  soybean  fodder  and  400  grams  of  English  hay,  refused 
7.2  percent  of  the  dry  matter.  In  the  experiments  reported  by 
Phelps13' 14*  on  soybean  fodder,  various  but  small  amounts  of  feed  up 
to  6.5  percent  were  refused. 

Finally,  Emery  and  Kilgore16*  observed  that  one  of  two  goats  re- 
fused 6.2  percent  and  the  other  31.5  percent  of  the  dry  matter  from  a 
ration  of  6  pounds  of  soybean  silage,  while  in  Hopkins'  experiment 
with  steers  on  the  same  feed,17*  from  11.7  to  15.5  percent  of  the  dry 
matter  was  refused  from  rations  varying  from  48  to  66  pounds  of 
silage  per  head  daily. 


1928]  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  271 

A  consideration  of  these  experiments  reveals  two  facts:  first,  that 
the  amounts  of  refused  feed  in  the  present  investigation  were  not  ab- 
normal for  the  feeds  used;  and  second,  that  the  digestion  coefficients 
calculated  in  the  usual  manner  may  be  of  little  value  in  estimating  the 
amounts  of  digestible  nutrients  in  certain  feeds  in  so  far  as  they  con- 
tain inedible  portions.  While  it  may  be  questioned  whether  the  refusal 
of  oat  straw  by  experimental  animals  indicates  anything  more  than 
the  offering  of  more  of  this  unpalatable  feed  than  the  animal  cares  to 
consume,  the  situation  with  reference  to  soybean  roughages  is  evi- 
dently different.  The  general  refusal  of  parts  of  these  roughages,  no 
matter  how  little  is  fed,  as  well  as  the  appearance  of  the  refused  por- 
tions, demonstrates  that  soybean  roughages  may  be  considered  as  being 
only  partially  edible.  It  will  always  remain  a  difficult  task,  therefore, 
to  estimate  the  digestible  nutrients  in  samples  of  these  feeds  by  any 
set  of  digestion  coefficients  since  the  inedible  fraction  will  vary.  The 
nutrients  in  the  inedible  fraction  obviously  are  as  worthless  to  the 
animal  as  the  edible  but  indigestible  or  undigested  nutrients. 

Significance  of  Indirectly  Calculated  Coefficients 
of  Digestibility 

The  method  of  calculating  the  digestible  nutrients  of  a  concentrate 
for  ruminants,  by  subtracting  from  the  digestible  nutrients  in  a  mixed 
ration  the  amounts  computed  for  the  basal  ration  as  determined  by 
a  previous  trial,  is  based  upon  the  assumption  that  the  addition  of  the 
concentrate  to  the  basal  ration  does  not  affect  the  digestibility  of  the 
nutrients  in  the  basal  ration  and  vice  versa.  That  this  assumption  is 
not  sound  from  the  physiological  point  of  view  has  long  been  recog- 
nized, and  that  it  is  not  correct  in  practice  as  regards  certain  nutrients 
in  certain  combinations  of  feeds  was  noted  by  some  of  the  early  work- 
ers, for  example,  Hirschler  in  1886,33*  Gottwald  in  1888,34*  and  Kuehn 
in  1894.35* 

In  reviewing  the  literature  it  soon  becomes  evident  that,  in  gen- 
eral, the  nutrients  present  in  the  smallest  amounts  are  the  most  af- 
fected. Thus,  fat  and  crude  fiber  are  especially  influenced,  while 
nitrogen  may  be  affected  in  the  feeds  low  in  this  element.  Dry  matter 
and  nitrogen-free  extract  are  usually  but  little  influenced;  the  latter 
because  it  is  usually  present  in  considerable  amounts,  and  the  former 
because  it  reflects  both  the  depressing  and  elevating  effects  on  the 
several  nutrients. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  among  investigators  in  animal  nutrition 
that  determinations  of  the  availability  or  digestibility  of  the  ether 
extract  of  feeds  are  often  unsatisfactory  and  as  a  rule  are  quite  un- 
reliable when  obtained  by  indirect  calculations.  One  of  the  chief  con- 
tributory factors  is  the  influence  of  the  metabolic  products  of  the  feces, 
particularly  the  bile  residues,  while  the  presence  of  fat  in  only  small 


272  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

quantities  in  most  concentrate  feeds  magnifies  any  influence  of  these 
disturbing  factors.  Armsby36*  states:  "Even  with  the  herbivorous  ani- 
mals, however,  the  presence  of  the  so-called  metabolic  products  of  the 
feces  may  give  rise  to  serious  errors  in  the  determination  of  the  real 
digestibility  of  some  ingredients  of  the  food,  notably  fat  and  protein." 
The  determination  of  the  digestibility  of  ash  is  so  notably  unreliable 
that  only  occasionally  does  an  investigator  attempt  to  calculate  it. 
Forbes37*  states  that  we  have  no  satisfactory  means  for  determining 
the  digestibility  of  the  mineral  nutrients  and  that  it  is  not  warrantable 
to  speak  of  their  digestibility. 

The  work  of  Eckles,38*  of  Mumford,  Grindley,  Hall,  and  Em- 
mett,39*  and  of  Snyder40*  seems  to  indicate  an  inverse  relationship  be- 
tween the  quantity  of  crude  fiber  in  feeds  and  the  digestibility  of  the 
nitrogen-free  extract,  altho  Ewing  and  Wells,41*  in  an  excellent  review 
of  the  literature  and  a  study  of  what  they  very  aptly  term  "the  asso- 
ciative action  of  feeds,"  found  that  with  a  decrease  in  the  amount  of 
crude  fiber  in  the  form  of  silage  there  was  a  decrease,  instead  of  an 
increase,  in  the  digestibility  of  the  nitrogen-free  extract. 

Ewing  and  Wells  also  found,  in  agreement  with  several  early 
workers,  that  starch  when  fed  in  excessive  amounts  seemed  to  exert  a 
depressing  effect  upon  the  digestibility  of  the  nitrogen  and  crude  fiber, 
even  when  the  excess  was  not  great.  The  depression  of  the  digestibility 
of  nitrogen  and  crude  fiber  was  often  accompanied  by  a  rise  in  the 
digestibility  of  fat,  which  was  quite  noticeable  in  the  high  starch  ra- 
tions. At  the  same  time  they  noted  a  lowering  in  the  digestibility  of 
the  nitrogen-free  extract  of  10  percent  or  more  when  starch  was  intro- 
duced into  the  ration  in  excessive  amounts.  Atwater,42*  on  the  other 
hand,  in  connection  with  reports  of  digestion  experiments  with  men, 
says: 

"Increasing  the  quantity  of  either  carbohydrates  or  fat  above  those  common 
in  the  ordinary  diet  had  no  effect  upon  the  availability  of  the  other  nutrients  of 
the  diet,  while  the  availability  of  the  fat  or  carbohydrates  in  the  experiment  in 
which  either  was  used  in  large  quantities  was  as  large  as,  or  larger  than  in  the 
experiments  in  which  the  quantities  were  more  nearly  like  those  in  the  ordinary 
diet." 

Other  general  researches  or  discussions  of  the  influence  of  one  food 
upon  another  are  those  of  Rubner,43*  of  Atwater,44*  of  Ewing,  Wells, 
and  Smith,45*  of  Fraps,30*  and  of  Forbes,  Beegle,  Fritz,  and  Mensch- 
ing,12*  all  of  whom  agree  in  reaching  conclusions  similar  to  that  ex- 
pressed by  Dietrich  and  Grindley46*  as  follows: 

"The  coefficients  of  digestibility  obtained  for  a  single  feed  by  calculation 
from  the  data  obtained  for  a  combination  of  feeds  are  not  reliable,  especially 
when  the  single  feed  has  been  fed  in  comparatively  small  quantities.  By  this 
method  of  calculation  all  of  the  difference  between  the  values  for  the  single  and 
the  corresponding  values  for  the  combined  feeds  is  credited  to  the  single  feed, 
whereas  it  is  probable  that  in  the  combined  ration  each  feed  exerts  an  influence 
upon  the  digestibility  of  the  other." 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  273 

In  the  last  sentence  of  this  quotation  is  found  the  explanation  of 
the  fact  that  coefficients  of  digestion  obtained  by  the  indirect  calcula- 
tion may  indicate  a  digestibility  of  less  than  nothing  or  more  than  100 
percent.  However,  such  an  associative  effect  between  feeds  need  not 
result  in  impossible  digestion  coefficients,  and  the  absence  of  impossible 
results  of  such  indirect  calculations  is  no  indication  that  associative 
relations  are  not  operating  between  the  added  feed  and  the  basal  ration. 

Fraps,30*  in  connection  with  his  compilation  of  American  digestion 
experiments,  made  a  statistical  study  of  the  variations  in  the  digest- 
ibility of  all  feeds  on  which  three  or  more  tests  had  been  made.  By 
dividing  the  "percent  error"  found  in  Table  1  of  Fraps'  bulletin  by 
.6745,  the  coefficients  of  variation  are  obtained.  This  was  done  by  the 
authors,  and  the  coefficients  of  variation  for  all  feeds  on  which  the  di- 
gestibility had  been  directly  determined  and  for  all  feeds  on  which  the 
digestibility  had  been  indirectly  determined,  were  averaged  separately. 
The  average  coefficients  of  variation  for  the  directly  obtained  coeffi- 
cients of  digestion  are:  19  for  protein,  18  for  fat,  11  for  crude  fiber, 
and  7  for  nitrogen-free  extract.  Those  for  the  indirectly  obtained  co- 
efficients are:  29  for  protein,  21  for  fat,  63  for  crude  fiber,  and  8  for 
nitrogen-free  extract.  The  errors  that  may  be  incurred  in  the  indirect 
method  of  calculation  are  again  clearly  emphasized. 

The  associative  action  of  feeds  was  very  pronounced  in  the  present 
investigation.  Consider  the  indirectly  determined  coefficients  of  diges- 
tion for  whole  soybeans  in  Period  III,  in  which  12  sheep  were  fed  an 
average  of  .5  pound  of  whole  soybeans  and  1.75  pounds  of  oat  straw, 
as  wrell  as  in  Period  VII,  in  which  6  sheep  received  the  same  amount 
of  whole  soybeans  while  the  oat  straw  was  replaced  by  approximately 
the  same  amount  of  alfalfa  hay.  These  variations  are  best  shown  in 
Table  17,  which  gives  the  maximum  and  minimum  coefficients  and  the 
average  for  each  nutrient. 

It  appears,  from  a  consideration  of  these  data,  that  of  all  the 
nutrients  of  soybeans  crude  protein  only  is  unaffected  in  estimated 
digestibility  by  the  change  from  oat  straw  to  alfalfa  hay.  With  all 
other  nutrients  the  digestibility,  calculated  indirectly,  is  greatly  in- 
creased. The  variations  in  the  digestibility  of  any  nutrient  (with  the 
possible  exception  of  crude  protein)  in  each  period  are  very  large,  and 
if  the  two  periods  are  considered  together,  the  average  coefficients,  with 
the  same  exception,  are  evidently  of  little  if  any  value.  Undoubtedly 
an  associative  action  is  exerted  in  digestion  between  soybeans  and  the 
roughages  with  which  they  are  fed.  It  is  equally  true  that  indirect 
calculations  of  the  digestibility  of  soybeans  under  these  conditions 
give  purely  fictitious  values,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  di- 
gestion coefficients  for  protein. 

A  similar  tabulation  of  the  variations  in  the  indirectly  calculated 
digestion  coefficients  for  the  nutrients  of  soybean  oil  meal  is  presented 


274 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


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19381  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  275 

in  Table  18.  The  same  sort  of  variations  that  were  observed  in  the 
case  of  whole  soybeans  are  also  shown  for  soybean  oil  meal.  The 
extremely  wide  variations  exhibited  by  Period  VIII  are  not  entirely 
attributable  to  the  method  of  indirect  calculation,  as  has  already  been 
explained.  The  degree  to  which  digestion  coefficients  may  be  influenced 
by  different  basal  rations  is  well  illustrated  by  the  coefficients  for 
crude  fiber.  For  soybean  oil  meal  when  fed  with  soybean  straw  they 
vary  from  132  to  534,  with  an  average  of  323,  and  for  the  same  meal 
when  fed  with  alfalfa  hay  (Period  IX)  they  vary  from  0  to  —168, 
with  an  average  of  —50.  In  other  words,  simply  changing  the  basal 
ration  changes  a  coefficient  from  positive  323  to  a  negative  50.  As 
Forbes12*  says  (page  233),  in  referring  to  similar  results  obtained  with 
swine,  such  a  determination  is  certainly,  "to  borrow  an  expression  from 
Thudichum,  'a  ceremonious  delusion'."  Such  values  are  positive  evi- 
dence of  "associative  action  of  feeds"  and  demonstrate  that  an  in- 
directly determined  digestion  coefficient  may  possess  no  significance 
whatever.  Thus,  a  coefficient  determined  indirectly  from  a  certain 
mixed  ration  may  not  be  applicable  with  any  degree  of  certainty  to 
any  other  ration. 

A  rather  common  expedient  used  to  avoid  the  reporting  of  im- 
possible digestion  coefficients  is  the  procedure  of  reporting  as  100  all 
coefficients  obtained  above  this  value,  and  of  reporting  all  negative 
coefficients  as  zero.  For  example,  Emery  and  Kilgore5*  determined  the 
digestibility  of  soybean  hay,  using  a  goat  and  a  cow.  The  average  di- 
gestion coefficient  for  ash  was  reported  as  23.70,  but  the  individual 
coefficients  were  —104  and  47.41,  obviously  the  average  of  23.70  is  the 
average  of  0  and  47.41.  Concerning  such  a  procedure,  Forbes12*  says 
(page  234) : 

"Digestion  coefficients  of  less  than  nothing,  and  more  than  100  percent,  show 
that  the  determination  of  digestibility  of  supplementary  foods  by  difference,  in 
the  usual  way,  is  not  free  from  objection,  since  the  supplement  affects  the  digest- 
ibility of  the  basal  ration,  which  the  method  assumes  to  be  constant.  It  seems  to 
us  more  nearly  correct,  however,  to  use  the  figures  obtained  than  to  call  all  minus 
coefficients  zero,  and  to  give  a  value  of  100  percent  to  all  those  which  seem  to  be 
above  that  figure." 

However,  it  may  be  argued  with  greater  force,  in  our  opinion,  that 
the  obtaining  of  such  impossible  coefficients  is  prima  fade  evidence 
that  the  method  of  computation  is  incorrect  and  that  the  results  ob- 
tained with  it,  in  such  cases  at  least,  are  of  no  demonstrable  value. 

In  the  determination  of  digestion  coefficients  by  difference,  two 
things  are  illustrated  by  Periods  VIII,  IX,  and  X.  First,  as  the  pro- 
portion of  concentrates  increases,  the  variations  in  the  digestion  co- 
efficients decrease,  and  the  coefficients  themselves  approach  more 
nearly  the  coefficients  found  when  the  concentrate  is  fed  alone.  Second, 
more  consistent  and  apparently  more  reliable  coefficients  are  obtained 
when  the  basal  ration  contains  a  small  amount  of  the  concentrate. 


276  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

Thus  from  Period  IX,  when  the  digestibility  of  the  228  grams  of  soy- 
bean oil  meal  was  calculated  considering  the  basal  ration  to  be  112 
grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  and  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay,  the  coeffi- 
cients were  more  consistent  than  they  were  when  the  digestibility  of 
the  340  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  was  calculated  considering  the  basal 
ration  to  be  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  alone.  In  the  determination  of 
digestion  coefficients  of  the  nutrients  of  a  concentrate  for  ruminants, 
the  basal  ration  is  usually  a  roughage  alone;  from  the  above  consider- 
ations better  results  would  perhaps  be  obtained  if  the  basal  ration  con- 
tained a  small  amount  of  the  concentrate. 

The  not  infrequent  occurrence  of  impossible  digestion  coefficients 
when  the  digestibility  of  concentrates  by  ruminants  is  determined  in- 
directly on  the  assumption  that  it,  as  well  as  that  of  the  basal  ration, 
is  unaffected  by  their  admixture  in  a  ration,  testifies  to  the  inaccuracy 
of  this  basic  assumption.  Furthermore,  the  variable  digestion  coeffi- 
cients calculated  for  concentrates  when  added  to  different  basal  ra- 
tions possess  the  same  significance.  Finally,  the  securing  of  possible 
coefficients  (between  0  and  100),  or  of  coefficients  such  as  would  be 
expected  for  a  given  concentrate,  is  no  evidence  that  they  have  not  to 
some  extent  been  vitiated  by  the  existence  of  associative  relations  in 
digestion  between  the  concentrate  and  the  basal  ration  with  which  it 
was  fed.  It  thus  appears  that  indirectly  determined  coefficients  of 
digestion  are  unreliable  and  may  be  grossly  in  error.  Rather  than  at- 
tempt indirect  determinations  of  concentrates  by  a  method  known  to 
be  inaccurate,  it  may  be  far  better  to  concern  oneself  with  the  digest- 
ibility of  the  concentrate  in  combinations  with  those  roughages  and 
other  feeds  with  which  it  is  most  commonly  fed. 


Metabolizable  Energy  of  Soybean  Products  Determined 
for  First  Time 

Thruout  this  investigation  all  digestion  trials  were  also  metabo- 
lism trials.  The  daily  excretion  of  urine  was  weighed,  aliquoted,  and 
analyzed  for  total  nitrogen  and  gross  energy.  The  gross  energy  of  the 
feces  and  all  samples  of  feeds  and  orts  was  also  determined.  Thus  by 
using  average  factors  for  the  calculation  of  the  loss  of  energy  in  the 
methane,  all  data  necessary  for  the  calculation  of  the  metabolizable 
energy  of  the  various  feeds  and  rations  were  available.  The  values  for 
the  metabolizable  energy  of  soybean  products  obtained  in  this  investi- 
gation are  the  only  available  determinations  in  this  country.  A  sum- 
mary of  the  metabolizable  energy  of  all  feeds  and  rations  fed  during 
the  entire  investigation  is  presented  in  Table  19. 

The  availability,  as  metabolizable  energy,  of  the  gross  energy  of 
the  feeds  and  rations  is,  in  decreasing  order,  as  follows  (page  278) : 


1928} 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


277 


i'-S-S 


;  CO       CO       CO       CO 


« 


CO       •*       CO 


M       CO       CO 


•Sx 


|2 

fcs 


ININN 


278  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

perct. 

Soybean  oil  meal,  450  grams  (fed  alone) 68.2 

Soybeans,  225  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 59.4 

Soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 56.0 

Soybean  oil  meal,  340  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 54.9 

Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 54.3 

Soybean  oil  meal,  225  grams,  and  soybean  straw,  910  grams 45.0 

Soybean  hay,  1,051  grams 43.8 

Soybeans,  228  grams,  and  oat  straw,  779  grams 41.0 

Oat  straw,  900  grams 33.8 

Soybean  straw,  1,135  grams 322 

The  metabolizable  energy  per  kilogram  of  digestible  organic  mat- 
ter in  all  feeds  and  rations  fed,  including  the  calculated  values  for  the 
concentrates,  is,  in  decreasing  order,  as  follows: 

therms 

Soybeans,  225  grams  (with  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams) 5.06 

Soybeans,  228  grams  (with  oat  straw,  779  grams) 4.60 

Soybeans,  225  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 4.33 

Soybean  oil  meal,  450  grams  (fed  alone) 4.22 

Soybeans,  228  grams,  and  oat  straw,  779  grams 4.18 

Soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 4.15 

Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams .' 4.06 

Soybean  oil  meal,  340  grams,  and  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams 4.02 

Soybean  hay,  1,051  grams 3.73 

Soybean  oil  meal,  225  grams,  and  soybean  straw,  910  grams 3.69 

Soybean  oil  meal,  225  grams  (with  soybean  straw,  910  grams) 3.66 

Soybean  oil  meal,  228  grams  (with  alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soy- 
bean oil  meal,  112  grams) 3.65 

Oat  straw,  900  grams 3.61 

Soybean  straw,  1,135  grams 3.57 

Expressed  in  this  manner  there  appears  to  be  considerable  dif- 
ference in  the  amount  of  metabolizable  energy  in  different  feeds  and 
rations.  For  the  non-nitrogenous  roughages,  oat  straw  and  soybean 
straw,  there  is  an  average  of  3.59  therms  of  metabolizable  energy  per 
kilogram,  or  1.63  therms  per  pound  of  digestible  organic  matter.  This 
value  compares  favorably  with  Armsby's47*  value  of  1.588  therms  per 
pound  of  digestible  organic  matter  in  roughages  in  general  for  rumi- 
nants. For  the  oat  straw  alone  the  value  of  3.61  therms  per  kilogram 
of  digestible  organic  matter  was  obtained.  Armsby49*  quotes  from 
Kellner  the  value  of  3.740  therms  per  kilogram  of  digestible  organic 
matter  in  oat  straw  obtained  by  cattle.  There  are  no  results  with  sheep 
reported. 

For  the  nitrogenous  roughages,  soybean  hay  and  alfalfa  hay,  the 
average  is  3.90  therms  per  kilogram  or  1.77  therms  per  pound  of  di- 
gestible organic  matter.  For  the  alfalfa  hay  alone  the  value  of  4.06 
therms  per  kilogram  or  1.85  therms  per  pound  of  digestible  organic 
matter  was  obtained.  Armsby49*  quotes  from  Tangl  et  al  the  value  of 
4.467  therms  obtained  with  sheep;  and  from  his  own  work  with  cattle, 
the  value  of  3.605  therms.  The  value  obtained  in  this  investigation  is 
near  the  average  of  th^se  two  reported  ^alu^s.  Christensen  and  Hop- 


1928}  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  279 

per48*  obtained  an  average  value  with  two  steers  of  1.700  therms  per 
pound  of  digestible  organic  matter,  a  value  slightly  lower  than  ob- 
tained with  the  sheep  in  the  present  investigation. 

The  average  value  for  whole  soybeans  is  4.83  therms  per  kilogram 
or  2.19  therms  per  pound  of  digestible  organic  matter.  This  value  is 
considerably  higher  than  Armsby's47*  calculated  average  value  of  1.814 
therms  per  pound  of  digestible  organic  matter  in  concentrates  with 
more  than  5  percent  digestible  fat.  It  is  also  considerably  higher  than 
the  value  of  3.977  therms  per  kilogram  of  digestible  organic  matter, 
quoted  by  Armsby49*  from  Voltz  et  al,  for  palm-nut  meal  with  sheep, 
altho  it  checks  almost  exactly  the  value  of  4.849,  obtained  by  the  same 
authors  with  steers. 

While  the  value  of  4.22  therms  of  metabolizable  energy  per  kilo- 
gram of  digestible  organic  matter  was  obtained  in  the  single  trial  in 
which  soybean  oil  meal  was  fed  alone,  the  average  of  all  trials,  in- 
cluding those  in  which  the  metabolizable  energy  of  the  soybean  oil 
meal  was  calculated  by  difference,  is  3.69  therms  per  kilogram  or  1.67 
therms  per  pound  of  digestible  organic  matter.  This  value  is  lower 
than  Armsby's  average  values  of  1.996-2.177  for  oil  meals,  altho  the 
directly  determined  value  of  4.22  therms  per  kilogram  or  1.92  therms 
per  pound  agrees  very  closely.  The  literature  does  not  contain  any 
experiments  in  which  the  metabolizable  energy  of  an  oil  meal  has  been 
determined  either  directly  or  indirectly  for  ruminants. 

When  the  metabolizable  energy  of  a  feed  is  related  to  the  digest- 
ible organic  matter  in  the  feed,  different  feeds  give  widely  different 
values.  Much  of  this  variability  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  di- 
gestible fat  contains  approximately  2.25  times  as  much  metabolizable 
energy  as  either  protein  or  carbohydrates.  When  the  metabolizable  en- 
ergy is  related  to  the  so-called  "total  digestible  nutrients/'  in  which 
digestible  fat  is  expressed  in  carbohydrate  equivalents,  the  differences 
in  the  metabolizable  energy  values  of  different  feeds  become  much  less. 
For  example,  the  metabolizable  energy  values  of  all  feeds  summarized 
in  Table  19,  when  expressed  in  terms  of  metabolizable  energy  per  kilo- 
gram of  digestible  organic  matter,  vary  from  5.06  for  a  ration  of  225 
grams  of  whole  soybeans  (calculated  from  the  ration  containing  in 
addition  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay)  to  3.57  for  a  ration  of  soybean 
straw.  When  expressed  in  therms  per  kilogram  of  total  digestible  nu- 
trients, the  metabolizable  energy  varies  only  from  3.97  for  a  ration  of 
112  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  and  800  grams  of  alfalfa  hay  to  3.37  for 
228  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal  (calculated  from  a  ration  containing  in 
addition  800  grams  of  alfalfa- hay  and  112  grams  of  soybean  oil  meal). 

The  indirect  determination  of  the  metabolizable  energy  of  a  con- 
centrate is,  of  course,  open  to  the  same  errors  as  the  indirect  determi- 
nation of  its  digestibility,  but  since  the  metabolizable  energy  involves 
all  of  the  organic  nutrients,  the  effect  of  the  errors  on  the  different  nu- 


280  BULLETIN  No.  303  [March, 

trients  may  be  expected  to  be  greatly  reduced  by  compensation.  Thus, 
the  values  in  the  last  column  of  Table  19  for  any  one  feed  vary  only 
slightly  according  to  the  method  of  their  calculation.  However,  the 
estimated  metabolizable  energy  values  of  soybeans  and  soybean  oil 
meal  are,  with  one  exception,  greater  when  computed  from  the  results 
obtained  with  an  alfalfa  hay  ration  than  from  the  results  of  a  ration 
containing  oat  straw  or  soybean  straw.  It  may  be  significant  that  the 
single  result  obtained  with  soybean  oil  meal  alone  checks  closely  with 
the  values  computed  from  the  rations  containing  alfalfa  hay. 

SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSIONS 

The  experimental  work  reported  in  this  bulletin  is  concerned  with 
the  determination  of  the  coefficients  of  digestibility  of  the  nutrients  and 
the  metabolizable  energy  of  soybean  products  for  sheep.  The  soybean 
products  studied  were  soybean  hay,  soybean  straw,  whole  soybeans, 
and  soybean  oil  meal.  During  the  last  twenty-three  years  there  have 
been  reported  but  two  digestion  experiments  with  soybean  products; 
one  was  concerned  with  a  mixed  ration  containing  soybean  hay  for 
ruminants,  and  the  other  was  concerned  with  soybeans  for  swine. 
There  have  been  no  American  digestion  experiments  with  either  soy- 
bean straw  or  soybean  oil  meal.  The  metabolizable  energy  values  for 
these  products  obtained  in  this  investigation  constitute  the  only  pub- 
lished values,  while  the  metabolizable  energy  value  obtained  for  soy- 
bean oil  meal  is  the  only  available  directly  determined  value  for  an 
oil  meal  of  any  kind. 

The  experiments  were  carried  out  during  a  part  of  1923  and  a 
part  of  1925.  During  1923  the  digestibility  and  metabolizable  energy 
of  five  rations  were  determined,  using  with  each  ration  12  sheep,  a 
number  three  times  as  large  as  has  ever  been  used  in  a  single  digestion 
experiment  with  soybean  products  on  ruminants.  During  1925  the 
digestibility  and  metabolizable  energy  of  five  rations  were  determined 
using  6  sheep. 

Digestion  coefficients  for  soybean  hay,  soybean  straw,  alfalfa  hay, 
oat  straw,  and  of  rations  containing  soybean  straw  and  soybean  oil 
meal,  oat  straw  and  whole  soybeans,  alfalfa  hay  and  whole  soybeans, 
and  alfalfa  hay  and  soybean  oil  meal  at  two  different  levels,  were  ob- 
tained directly,  as  was  also  the  metabolizable  energy  of  each.  The  di- 
gestion coefficients  and  the  metabolizable  energy  of  soybean  oil  meal 
were  obtained  directly  with  one  sheep.  Indirect  calculations  were 
made  in  the  usual  manner  of  the  digestibility  and  metabolizable  energy 
of  soybeans  and  soybean  oil  meal.  The  average  results  obtained  are 
tabulated  in  Tables  13  and  19. 

It  appears  that  certain  roughages,  because  of  their  physical  char- 
acter, are  only  partially  edible  by  farm  animals.  Digestion  trials 
with  such  feeds  involve  variable  amounts  of  orts  and  give  more  or  less 


1928}  SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP  281 

unsatisfactory  digestion  coefficients.  The  coefficients  obtained  evidently 
apply  to  the  edible  portion  of  the  feed  only,  and  should  not  be  used 
in  connection  with  weights  of  feed  offered  in  computing  the  digestible 
nutrients  of  rations.  Such  coefficients  do  not  have  a  general  applica- 
bility, since  the  inedible  portion  of  the  roughage  will  vary  with  the 
conditions  under  which  it  was  grown  or  prepared  for  the  animal.  Soy- 
bean straw  and  soybean  hay  are  roughages  of  this  character,  and  the 
use  of  the  digestion  coefficients  and  metabolizable  energy  values  ob- 
tained for  them  must  be  tempered  by  the  above  considerations. 

From  a  critical  study  of  the  results  obtained  in  this  investigation, 
as  well  as  those  in  numerous  previous  investigations,  the  authors  feel 
that  coefficients  of  digestion  obtained  by  the  usual  method  of  indirect 
calculation  are  in  general  unreliable.  Apparently  the  digestibility  of 
concentrate  feeds  cannot  be  satisfactorily  determined  with  ruminants, 
since  they  exert  variable  associative  effects  in  digestion  when  com- 
bined in  rations  with  other  feeds.  It  is  recommended  that,  in  place  of 
attempting  such  unsatisfactory  determinations,  the  digestibility  of 
concentrates  for  ruminants,  combined  with  those  feeds  with  which  they 
are  commonly  fed,  be  investigated.  Only  the  directly  determined  re- 
sults on  the  combined  rations  can  be  considered  significant. 

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Council,  Reprint  and  Circ.  Ser.  60.    1924. 

38.  ECKLES,  C.  H.    Mo.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Res.  Bui.  4.    1911. 

39.  MUMFORD,  H.  W.,  GRINDLEY,  H.  S.,  HALL,  L.  D.,  AND  EMMETT,  A.  D.    111.  Agr. 

Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  172.    1914. 

40.  SNYDER,  H.    U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Buls.  126,  1914;  and  156,  1915. 

41.  EWING,  P.  V.,  AND  WELLS,  C.  A.    Georgia  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  115.    1915. 

42.  ATWATER,  W.  0.    Conn.  (Storrs)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  1901,  244. 

43.  RUBNER,  MAX.    Arch.  Anat.  u.  Physiol.:  Physiol.  Abt.  135-182,  1918.    Zentbl. 

Biochem.  u.  Biophys.  21,  319,  1920. 

44.  ATWATER,  W.  O.    Conn.  (Storrs)  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Rpt.  1904,  183. 

45.  EWING,  P.  V.,  WELLS,  C.  A.,  AND  SMITH,  F.  H.    Georgia  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui. 

125.    1917. 

46.  DIETRICH,  W.,  AND  GRINDLEY,  H.  S.    111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  170.    1914. 

47.  ARMSBY,  H.  P.    The  nutrition  of  farm  animals,  650.    Macmillan.    1917. 

48.  CHRISTENSEN,  F.  W.,  AND  HOPPER,  T.  H.    Amer.  Soc.  Anim.  Prod.  Proc.  39. 

Nov.  1925. 

49.  ARMSBY,  H.  P.    The  nutrition  of  farm  animals,  Table  188, 642-644.  Macmillan. 

1917. 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


283 


APPENDIX 


TABLE  20. — NITROGEN  BALANCES:  INVESTIGATION  OF  1923 


Sheep  No. 

Nitrogen 
in  feed 
consumed 

Nitrogen 
in 
feces 

Nitrogen 
in 
urine 

Nitrogen 
balance 

Period  I — Soybean  hay 


130.  .. 

grams 
165.3 

grams 
51.68 

grams 
92.0 

grams 
+21  62 

131  

159.2 

49.92 

86  0 

4-23  28 

132  

151.0 

41.12 

91.0 

+18  88 

133.  .  , 

151.5 

48.00 

96.0 

+  7  50 

134  

159.8 

55.84 

99  0 

+  4  96 

135  

149.9 

45.44 

95.0 

+  9  46 

137   

166.4 

59.68 

108.0 

—   1  28 

138  

151.5 

47.68 

99.0 

+  4  82 

139  

159.8 

51.52 

109  0 

—       72 

136.  .. 

171.0 

51.52 

106.0 

+13  48 

140  

177.0 

52.48 

117.0 

+  7  52 

141  

176.5 

47.68 

109.0 

+  19  82 

Average  

161.6 

50.21 

100.6 

+10.78 

Period  II — Soybean  straw 


130  

34.6 

31.36 

23.0 

—  19.76 

131                      

31.0 

33.12 

26.0 

—28  12 

132   

25.9 

21.28 

27.0 

—22  38 

133             

46.1 

33.92 

22.0 

—  9  82 

134  

48.5 

40.64 

23.0 

—  15.14 

135                         

41.0 

28.48 

25.0 

—  12  48 

136.  .  . 

42.9 

37.92 

25.0 

—20.02 

137               

43.8 

35.04 

28.0 

—  19  24 

138       

37.4 

33.28 

22.0 

—17.88 

139  

39.5 

35.68 

23.0 

—  19.18 

140  

38.9 

37.12 

30.0 

—28.22 

141   .            

38.6 

29.28 

20.0 

—  10.68 

Average  

39.02 

33.09 

24.50 

-18.58 

Period  III — Oat  straw  and  whole  soybeans 


130       

grams 
134 

grams 
45 

grams 
99 

grams 
-10 

131  

132 

40 

97 

—  5 

132  

136 

50 

104 

-18 

133.  .  .            

138 

43 

94 

+  1 

134  .     

126 

40 

96 

-10 

135  

125 

33 

97 

—  5 

136  

135 

36 

80 

+19 

137  

133 

36 

84 

+  13 

138  

132 

31 

72 

+29 

139  

136 

36 

95 

+  5 

140  

134 

35 

93 

+  6 

141  

135 

36 

90 

+  9 

Average  

133 

38 

92 

+  3 

284 


BULLETIN  No.  303 


[A/arc/i, 


TABLE  20. — Concluded 


Sheep  No. 

Nitrogen 
in  feed 
consumed 

Nitrogen 
in 
feces 

Nitrogen 
in 
urine 

Nitrogen 
balance 

Period  IV — Oat  straw 


130  

41 

39 

26 

-24 

131     

44 

36 

25 

—  17 

132  

47 

38 

28 

—  19 

133  

44 

38 

29 

—23 

134           

44 

39 

28 

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135   

33 

24 

25 

—  16 

136     

33 

34 

24 

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137  

31 

33 

25 

—27 

138  

31 

28 

27 

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139  

42 

35 

26 

-19 

140      

39 

34 

27 

—22 

141  

33 

31 

26 

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Average  

39 

34 

26 

-22 

Period  V — Soybean  straw  and  soybean  oil  meal 


130  .  .  . 

137 

46 

88 

+  3 

131  

138 

44 

96 

-  2 

132  

134 

40 

89 

+  5 

133  

136 

42 

85 

+  9 

134  

135 

46 

86 

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135      

132 

42 

71 

+19 

136  

127 

43 

61 

+23 

137  

126 

38 

80 

+  8 

138  

126 

40 

83 

+  3 

139.  .. 

141 

46 

80 

+  15 

140  .      

138 

42 

92 

4-  4 

141  

140 

42 

92 

+  6 

Average  

134 

43 

84 

+  8 

1928} 


SOYBEAN  PRODUCTS  FOR  SHEEP 


285 


R3. 


TABLE  21. — NITROGEN  BALANCES:  INVESTIGATION  OF  1925 


Sheep  No. 

Nitrogen 
in  feed 
consumed 

Nitrogen 
in 
feces 

Nitrogen 
in 
urine 

Nitrogen 
balance 

Period  VI — Alfalfa  hay.  800  grams 


Bl.. 

grams 
25.20 

grams 
5.58 

grams 
15.00 

drams 
+  4  62 

B2.  .. 

25.20 

5.17 

14  43 

+  5  60 

B3  

25.20 

4.94 

15.94 

+  4  32 

Bl.. 

24.40 

5.95 

13.98 

+  4  47 

R2    

24.40 

5  44 

14  29 

+  4  67 

R3  

15.25 

3.57 

10  63 

+  1  05 

Average  

23.28 

5.11 

14.05 

+  4.12 

Period  VII — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  whole  soybeans,  225  grams 


Bl.. 

36.85 

7.52 

23  56 

+  5  77 

B2... 

36.85 

6.70 

23.46 

-J-  6.69 

B3  

36.85 

6  82 

23  46 

+  6  57 

Bl.. 

39.89 

7.87 

23  31 

+  8  71 

R2.  .. 

39.89 

7.12 

24.00 

+  8.77 

R3  

39.89 

6.77 

23.87 

+  9.25 

Average  

38.37 

7.13 

23.61 

+  7.63 

Period  VIII — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  112  grams 


Bl.. 

37.63 

6.78 

20.77 

+10.08 

B2.  .. 

37.63 

6.40 

19.50 

+11.73 

B3  

37.63 

6.30 

20.16 

+11.17 

Bl.. 

28.77 

7.89 

19.32 

+  1.56 

R2  

27.54 

7.34 

17.82 

+  2.38 

R3  

27.54 

7  23 

20.46 

—     .15 

Average  

32.79 

6.99 

19.67 

+  6.13 

Period  IX — Alfalfa  hay,  800  grams,  and  soybean  oil  meal,  340  grams 


Bl.  . 

41.34 

8.18 

29.64 

+  3.52 

B2... 

41.34 

8.54 

28.47 

+  4.33 

B3  

41  34 

8  26 

32.76 

+     .32 

Bl.. 

41  68 

10  34 

27.28 

+  4.06 

R2... 

37.62 

8.51 

25.55 

+  3.56 

R3  

37.62 

7.86 

24.42 

+  5.34 

Average  

40.16 

8.62 

28.02 

+  3.52 

Period  X — Soybean  oil  meal,  450  grams 


28.22 


2.64 


23.01 


+  2.57 


286 


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